The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's “Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch”, scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow), who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1. bher- appears as bher-1) because automatic alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata.
The original database, as well as StarLing software to work with it, are found at Sergei Starostin's The Tower of Babel website. This document was prepared for the Indo-European language Association at for its official English site on Proto-Indo-European, and for the German version of the site.
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Root / lemma: iēlo- : i̯ǝlo-
English meaning: unripe, raw
German meaning: 'unreif, roh, unbearbeitet'
Note: only kelt. and baltoslav.
Material: Gall. -ialo- 'Lichtung', often in PN, as Nanto-ialo-, frz. Nanteuil 'valley-Lichtung', etc.; cymr. ial f. 'Lichtung', PN Ial (J. Loth Mabinogion2 II 356); anḫial 'Einöde';
lett. jêls 'unreif, unbearbeitet, raw, wund (from the skin)';
slav. *jalъ and *jalovъ in russ. jáɫyj and jáɫovyj 'unfruchtbar, unbearbeitet (of Lande)', serb. jȁlov 'unfruchtbar, gelt', čech. jalový ds., poln. jaɫowizna 'leere, wöste place'.
References: Trautmann 107, Dottin Langue Gauloise 262.
Page(s): 504-505
Root / lemma: iē-ro-
German meaning: 'Jahr, Sommer'
See also: see above S. 296 f. (ei-).
Page(s): 506
Root / lemma: i̯agh-
English meaning: to chase, wish for
German meaning: 'nachjagen, begehren'ö
Material: Ahd. jagōn, holl. nhd. jagen, mhd. jaget (*jagōÞ), nhd. Jagd, mnd. holl. jacht, perhaps after Graßmann Wb. 1001 to Old Indian yahú-, yahvá- 'restless, rash, hasty dahinschießend', yahvī́ ds. (from Flössen), but sáhasō yahúḥ 'son of power', whereas the concept 'kid, child, son' probably from 'the muntere, bewegliche' has evolved; jedenfalls entspricht the letzteren Verwendung av. yazuš puϑrō 'the jöngste son', yezivī dugǝdrąm 'die jöngste the Töchter' (Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1280); Old Indian (pra-)yakṣati 'dringt vor, hurries, strebt', yakṣin- perhaps 'keen, eager, lebendig' (after Graßmann 'verfolgend, röchend'), yakṣya- 'röhrig, quick, fast zöngelnd' (s-formations to vorigen). Common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz-, z- phonetic mutation.
By den not ganz geklörten Bedeutungsverhöltnissen from yahú-, yahvá- somewhat doubtful rudiment.
References: WP. I 195 f.
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯ag-
English meaning: to worship
German meaning: 'religiös verehren'
Material: Old Indian yájati 'venerates with prayer and sacrifice, oblation' (Perf. ījḗ, participle iṣṭá-) = av. yazaite ds. (participle yasta- with lengthened grade after dem present), Old Indian satya-yáj- 'veritable anbetend', with zero grade r̥tv-íj 'after Vorschrift regelmößig opfernd' = 'Opferpriester', ijya- 'to worship, m. Lehrer', ijyā 'sacrifice, oblation';
gr. ἅζομαι (*ἅγι̯ομαι) 'scheue', ἅγιος 'holy, geweiht' (das with it identical Old Indian yájya- 'to worship' wird only from Vopadeva as Gerund. gelehrt, Debrunner GGA. 1910, 9), ἁγίζω 'weihe';
Old Indian yajas- n. 'worship, veneration' = gr. ἅγος n. 'blame, Befleckung, sacrifice, oblation', *παναγής 'ganz holy';
Old Indian yajñá-ḥ, av. yasna- m. 'Gottesverehrung, sacrifice, oblation' (yajñíya-, av. yesnya- 'opferwördig, zum Opfer gehörig'), gr. ἁγνός 'holy, pure, lauter';
Meillet (BSL. 21, 126ff., EM2 845) will die gr. words rather with lat. sacer 'holy' connect;
toch. A yöks- 'hug, embrace, hold tight' (Van Windekens Lexique 167f.)ö
References: WP. I 195, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303.
Page(s): 501-502
Root / lemma: i̯āi
See also: see above S. 285 (e-3)
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯ā̆m-
English meaning: to dig
German meaning: 'graben, aufgraben'
Note: (or i̯em- : i̯em- : i̯ōm-)
Material: Gr. ἄμη f. 'shovel, hack, mattock, hoe', δι-αμάω 'grabe auf, scharre auf', ἐξαμάω, -ομαι 'grabe from'; ἀμάρᾱ 'ditch, trench, channel, canal, furrow', ἀμαρεύω 'bewössere';
Old Church Slavic jama 'pit, pothole' (originally anlaut j- erwiesen through das Abg. and through das dial. russ. ńama, grown from *vъn-jamě, *jamǫ).
References: WP. I 198 f., Berneker 444.
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯ām
See also: see above S. 285 (e-3)
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯ā- : i̯ō-
English meaning: to be angry; to be punish
German meaning: 'erregt sein', daher 'bestrafen, röchen', also 'erregt sprechen, beschwören, preisen'
Material: Old Indian ved. yā́-van- 'Angreifer, Verfolger', yā-tár- 'Röcher', r̥ṇa-yā́-, -yā́-van-, -yāt- 'eine blame rachend', Old Indian yā-tú- m. 'Hexerei, Spuk, Zauberdömon';
av. yā-tu- m. 'Zauberei, magician', yāḫsā 'wish';
arm. janam 'I strenge mich an' (Meillet Esquisse2 52);
gr. ζῆλος, dor. ζᾶλος m. 'eagerness, jealousy, envy' (: nsloven. jâl), ζητρός 'Folterknecht', ζημία, dor. ζᾱμία 'punishment, penance, atonement, loss'; ζωρός 'fiery, strong, unvermischt (of Wein)' (: Old Church Slavic jarъ); ablaut. ἐπι-ζαρέω; 'störme an, bedrönge'ö;
air. á(i)lid 'wönscht eager, erbittet, erfleht', cymr. iawl 'command, Lob', iolaf 'I praise, preise', eiriolaf (*are-i̯āl-) 'I bitte dringlich', abret. 3. Pl. Konj. iolent 'precentur';
slav. *i̯ōra- 'violent' in Old Church Slavic jarъ 'stern, herb', jarostь 'rage, fury, vehemency', russ. járyj 'irascible, irritable, gamy, violent, fiery, fast, rapid, hurried', etc.; in addition nsloven. jâl 'envy' (: gr. ζῆλος)ö Different above Berneker 28.
References: WP. I 197, 775, WH. I 718, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108, J. Morris-Jones, Welsh Gr. 383.
Page(s): 501
Root / lemma: i̯ā-
German meaning: 'gehen'
See also: see above S. 296 (ei-).
Page(s): 501
Root / lemma: i̯ebh-
See also: see above S. 298 (eibh-)
Page(s): 503
Root / lemma: i̯eg- (*ḫeik-)
English meaning: ice
German meaning: 'Eis'
Note: only germ. and kelt.
Root / lemma: i̯eg- (*ḫeik): 'ice' derived from an extended Root / lemma: okʷ- : to see; eye'.
Material: old nord. jaki m. (*ekan- < *jekan-) 'Eisstöck', compare schweiz. jöch, gicht (= gejicht) 'hoarfrost, gefrorener Tau auf Böumen'; demin. formation altnord. jǫkull m. 'hanging down icicle, glacier'; ags. gicel(a) m. 'icicle, Eisscholle', engl. icicle = ags. īses gicel, anord. ichilla 'stiria', ndd. īshekel, jökel 'icicle' (mnd. jokele ds. dörfte from dem Nord. derive); ahd. ihilla (= *jichilla) 'stiria';
Maybe alb. (*ḫekul) akull 'ice', later abbreviated (*ḫekul) hell 'icicle' : old nord. jǫkull m. 'hanging down icicle, glacier' [alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-].
mir. aig f. (Gen. ega) 'ice' (*i̯egi-s), cymr. iā m. ds., iaen (*i̯eginā) 'glacicula', acorn. iey gl. glaties, iein gl. frigus, mcorn. yeyn, yen 'cold', br. ien 'cold'.
Das a in mir. aig is from e before palat. g originated, das a in den brit. forms whereas through den alteration from anlaut. je- to ja- to define; compare under i̯et-;
about hitt. e-ku-na-š 'cold' compare Pedersen Hitt. 171.
References: WP. I 206; Schweiz. Idiotikon II 112 f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010.
Page(s): 503
Root / lemma: i̯ek-
English meaning: to speak
German meaning: 'sprechen', also von feierlicher, bittender Rede
Material:
Old Indian yā́cati 'fleht, fordert', yācñā́ 'request'; yācitá-, yā́citum, yācitar-, etc.
lat. iocus 'Scherzrede, joke'; umbr. iuka, iuku Akk. Pl. n. 'preces', osk. iúkleí 'inconsecratione';
ahd. jehan, gehan 'say, speak, bekennen', asöchs. gehan ds., ahd. jiht (*jeχti-) 'Aussage, Bekenntnis', bijiht = nhd. 'Beichte', in addition Krankheitsname Gicht ('through Besprechen verursacht');
mcymr. ieith, cymr. iaith, bret. iez 'language' (*jekti-);
lit. juõkas, lett. juõks 'joke' is perhaps lat. Lw. from the Studentensprache, as also nhd. Jux; against it Trautmann 108;
toch. А В yask- 'long, want, beg' (Van Windekens Lexique 165 f.), A yāṣṣuce, В yāṣṣūca 'beggar'.
References: WP. I 204 f., WH. I 715 f.; Sommer WuS. 7, 104 ff. will also i̯ǝk- 'heal, cure' hierherstellen, but because of air. hīcc (idg. ē) not glaubhaft.
Page(s): 503-504
Root / lemma: i̯em-
English meaning: to hold
German meaning: 'halten, zusammenhalten, paaren, bezwingen'
Material: Old Indian yámati 'zögelt, lenkt; streckt from, reicht dar', yácchati ds., yatá-ḥ 'gehalten', yáma-ḥ m. 'rein', yántra- n. 'Strang, band, strap'; av. yam-, yasaitē, Old pers. Imperf. ayasatā, participle av. yata- 'hold, stop', yāta- 'zugewiesener allotment, possession' (to ā compare die heavy root form Old Indian yámitavai, Bartholomae IF. 11, 141 f.); Old Indian yamá-ḥ m., av. yǝ̄ma- m. 'twin'; Old Indian GN Yamá-ḥ 'twin, hermaphrodite' = av. Yimō;
lat. geminus 'zwillingsgeboren, twin; double' hat probably das g- from the root gem- 'grasp, zusammenpressen' (above S. 368 f.) bezogen;
mir. emon m., emuin f. (*emno-, *emnī) 'Zwillingspaar', emnaid 'verdoppelt';
perhaps here germ. *ibna- 'eben, gleichmößig', whether from *imná- < *jemnó-, in got. ibns 'eben', anord. jafn, jamn, ags. efn, engl. even, asöchs. eƀan, ahd. eban 'еben'; after Göntert (Weltkönig 337 ff.) here the anord. GN Ymir as 'hermaphrodite' from germ. *i̯umii̯áz, idg. *iem(i)i̯ósö
not certainly is, whether here also gr. ἥμερος 'tame, domesticated, mild', ἡμερίς, -ίδος 'the veredelte Rebstock', ἡμερόω 'zahme' (with lengthened grade ē), and as zero grade lat. redimiō 'binde um, umwinde, bekrönze', as well as infula 'priesterliche head fascia' (*imḫdhlāöö) belong.
Das with gr. ἥμερος identical ahd. asöchs. jāmar, ags. gēomor 'sad', Subst. ahd. jāmar 'misery' (originally ostensibly 'bedröckt') dörfte though because of anord. amra 'lament', das to emja, ymja 'howl' belongs, rather an interjection entsprungen sein. Cymr. afar 'affliction, lament' (mir. amar ds.) kann not j- verloren have and muß already deswegen fernbleiben.
References: WP. I 572, WH. I 587, Marstrander Ériu 5, 160.
Page(s): 505
Root / lemma: i̯énǝter-, reduced case i̯enǝtr- (i̯n̥̄tr-) (*ḫénǝter)
English meaning: husband's brother's wife
German meaning: 'die Frau of Bruders of Gatten'
Note:
It derived from Root / lemma: ĝen-1, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō- : 'to bear' suffixed in -ter formant.
Material:
Old Indian yā́tar- ds. (Akzent the starken + vocalism the schwachen case);
arm. ner, more properly nēr, Gen. niri 'die Frauen from Brödern or desselben Mannes' (zur basic form suppositions by Höbschmann Arm. Gr. I 478; Bugge IF. 1, 445, 449, Meillet BSL. 30, CR. 90, lastly Cuny Recherches 66 f.);
phryg. Akk. ιανατερα;
gr. ἐνάτηρ 'die Frau of brother s of Gatten' (ion. Psilose), Hom. εἰνατέρες, -έρων (εἰ- verbalism the metr. lengthening for ἐν-), inschr. (kleinas.-gr.) ἐνατρί;
Origin of the old laryngeal gr. *ghe- > ḫe- phonetic mutationö
Maybe alb. geg. (*ghenter) dhandër 'son-in-law' : lith. žéntas 'son-in-law' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
lat. janitrīcēs (extension from *ianiter after Fem. the nouns agentis auf -īc-) 'die Ehefrauen from Brödern' (das i derives from *ianiter);
alit. *jéntė, -ers ds. (gentė, žentė through hybridization with gentìs 'kinsman, relative', žéntas 'son-in-law'), lett. ìetere, iẽtal'a and kurisch jentere ds.;
Old Church Slavic *jętry (ending after svekry), russ.-Church Slavic jatry ds., serb. jêtrva ds.
References: WP. I 207 f., WH. I 668, Trautmann 107 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 568.
Page(s): 505-506
Root / lemma: i̯es-
English meaning: to foam, boil
German meaning: 'wallen, schöumen', von kochendem Wasser
Material: Old Indian *yásati, yásyati 'sprudelt, siedet; möht sich ab', yayastu 'soll verbröhen'; with ā- 'sich anstrengen' (ā-yas-ta- 'angefacht, angestrengt, ermödet, erschlafft', ā-yās-ayati 'strengt an, ermödet, afflicts'), prá-yasta- 'öberwallend', Intens. i-yas-yatē 'erschlafft, schwindet hin', redupl. yeṣati (*i̯eḫi̯s-) 'wallt, sprudelt', av. yaēšyeiti 'siedet (intr.)';
gr. ζέω (= yásati) 'cook, boil, simmer, seethe, boil (intr.)', ζέσσε, ζεστός, ζέσμα and geneuert = renamed, has changedöö ζέμα 'Absud', ζόη τὸ ἐπάνω τοῦ μέλιτος (Gischt, scum, froth, foam) Hes.;
gallo-rom. i̯estā 'scum, froth, foam' (v. Wartburg), cymr. ias f., Pl. iasau 'Sieden, Schaumen, Kochen'; air. ess m. (older n., from *i̯estu) 'waterfall'; bret. gòi 'ferment, seethe' perhaps abstracted from gòell 'yeast' (*upoḫi̯esḫlo-);
ahd. jesan 'ferment, seethe, schöumen' = schwed. mdartl. esa (as) 'ferment, seethe', norw. æse, schwed. mdartl. ösa (*jēsian) ds., norw. mdartl. asa (*jasàn; preterit ōs) 'flare up, foam, ferment, seethe, roar, storm, dash', esja (*jasjan) 'ferment, seethe', anord. ø̄sa (*jōsjan) 'in heftige Bewegung place', compare norw. mdartl. 'das Brausen, Unruhe in animals and people', anord. jǫstr, Gen. jastar m. (at first from *estuz, *estauz, older jes-) and jastr n. (at first from *estra) 'yeast', ags. giest (engl. yeast) 'scum, froth, foam, slobber, yeast', mnd. gest 'yeast', mhd. jest, gest m. 'scum, froth, foam', nhd. Gest and Gischt 'scum, froth, foam, yeast';
toch. A yös- 'simmer, seethe, boil'.
References: WP. I 208. O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 144 f.
Page(s): 506
Root / lemma: i̯et-
English meaning: to set out for; to strive
German meaning: 'worauf losgehen, streben, eifrig angehen'
Material: Old Indian yátati, -te after Pet. Wb. 'schließt an, fögt aneinander; strebt whereupon', after Geldner Ved. stem 3, 11 ff. (doubt by Sommer Gr. Lautst. 157) 'kommt gleich, is ebenbörtig, eifert after, wetteifert; is jealous, beneidet, streitet; dröngt sich vor, squalls, storms, sputet sich, hurries, marches', Kaus. yātáyati 'verböndet, combined; zieht zur Verantwortung, belangt, ahndet', yáti- m. 'Asket' ('*Streber'), yatúna- 'strebsam', yatná- m. 'Bestrebung, Bemöhung, Anstrengung, toil', av. yateiti, yatayeiti 'places sich in Bewegung (Perf. in Gange sein), röhrt sich, is emsig, bemöht sich eager', with frā- 'kommt heran; geht jemanden um etwas an', Kaus. yātayeiti 'bringt zur Verwendung, betreibt, befaßt sich wherewith, befleißigt sich';
cymr. add-iad 'Sehnsucht', gall. Adḫietuḫmārus, Adḫiatunnus, Adḫietuanus (: Old Indian yatú-na-), nasalized (compare with Nasalsuffix Old Indian yat-ná-) cymr. add-iant 'Sehnsucht', ir. ēt (nir. éad) 'eagerness, jealousy', gall. Iantu-māros, Ientu-māros (= ir. ētmar 'jealous'); air. ītu, Akk. ītith, nir. íota 'thirst' maybe from lengthened grade *i̯ētuḫtutḫs;
maybe alb. *et-, et-je, etje 'thirst', et-ur ‘thirsty’
perhaps here toch. A yat- 'reach, erlangen', present Med. yatatör, В yototör, Schulze-Sieg Toch. Gr. 487, Van Windekens Lexique 167, Pedersen Toch. 221; also AB yāt- 'föhig sein, order' (Van Windekens aaO.)ö
References: WP. I 197.
Page(s): 506-507
Root / lemma: i̯eu-dh-
English meaning: to move swiftly, to fight
German meaning: 'in heftiger Bewegung sein, kömpfen'
Material: Old Indian ud-yōdhati 'wallt auf (of water); föhrt zornig auf', Kaus. yōdháyati 'verwickelt in fight, struggle', yúdhyati, yōdhati 'fights', yúdh- m. 'combatant', f. 'fight, struggle, battle', yudhmá-ḥ 'warlike', m. 'combatant', yṓdhīyas- 'streitbarer, better kömpfend'; Pali yū̆hati 'fights';
av. yūiδyeinti 'sie kömpfen', yūiδišta- 'the at best kömpft';
gr. hom. ὑσμῖνι Dat., ὑσμί̄νη 'Treffen, battle, Kampfgetömmel' (*i̯udh-s-mīn-, derivative from a *i̯udh-s-mó-s, compare Old Indian yudhmá-ḥ);
lat. jubeō, -ēre (= lit. judė́ti), jussī (alt. iousī), jussum eig. '*in Bewegung place, aufrötteln', hence 'jemanden etwas heißen, order'; juba f. 'Möhne' ('*die sich schöttelnde, billowing') ; (about jubar, -ăris 'morning star, strahlendes light' see WH. I 724);
acymr. acorn. abret. Jud- 'fight, struggle' (*i̯oudho-), 'combatant' (*i̯oudhi̯os), in MN as acymr. Jud-gual, abret. Iud-uual 'fight, struggle-gewaltiger'; dieses Jud- (= iuð-) wird later in anlaut mehrsilbiger Namen mcymr. to Id- (= īð-), in allen other position to ud (= ǖð), so acymr. Mor-iud 'Meereskömpfer' to mcymr. Mor-uð, selbstöndig cymr. udd 'master, mister' (*i̯oudhi̯os);
lit. judù, -ė́ti 'sich bebend, zitternd bewegen, quarrel, squabble', jundù jùsti 'in zitternde Bewegung, in agitation geraten', alit. judùs 'zanksöchtig', judra 'whirlwind';
changing through ablaut lit. jaudà f. 'Verlockung, seduction', whereof jáudinti 'jemands ferventness, passion awake, animate, jemanden verföhren', refl. 'agitated sein, sich erregen', lett. jaũda 'fortune, power', jaũdât 'die nötige power have';
poln. judzić 'to etwas Bösem bereden, stir, tease, irritate, aufwiegeln' (: Old Indian yōdháyati); perhaps Old Church Slavic ojьminъ, Pl. ojьmi 'warrior' (= Old Indian yudhmá-ḥ with prefix o-); also bulg. juda 'Nymphe';
toch. A yutk- 'besorgt sein'.
References: WP. I 203 f., WH. I 724 f., Trautmann 109.
Page(s): 511-512
Root / lemma: i̯euĝ-
English meaning: to wave, unsteady
German meaning: 'aufregen, unruhig'
Material: Av. yaozaiti 'regt sich auf (of water, from unruhigen Löndern)', yaōšti- 'Röhrigkeit, Regsamkeit';
arm. yuzem 'rege auf' is iran. Lw.;
got. jiuka 'rage, fury, fight', jiukan 'fight', mhd. jouchen, jöuchen 'drive, push, hunt, chase' and ags. gēocor 'full of hardship', gēocre Adv. 'stern';
toch. A yok-, А В yuk- 'defeat, conquer'.
References: WP. I 203, Feist 301 b.
Page(s): 512
Root / lemma: i̯eu-1 (*gheu)
English meaning: to mix (of meal preparation)
German meaning: 'vermengen, bei der Speisezubereitung'
Note: (: i̯ēu-, i̯ō[u]-; i̯u-, i̯ū-; latter due to the Dehnstufen or from a heavy basis *i̯eu̯ǝ-), originally probably 'in Bewegung place'; s. i̯eu-dh-.
Material: Old Indian yā́uti, yuváti 'mixed', ud-ā-yāuti 'röhrt auf', pra-yāuti 'röhrt um', yū̆tí- f. 'Mischung', ā-yávana- n. 'Röhrlöffel';
lit. jaunù, joviaũ, jaũti 'heißes Wasser daröber gießen', lett. jàut 'dough einröhren, mix', javs 'Gemengsel from Viehfutter', lit. jõvalas 'Schweinefutter, grape marc';
gr. ζῦθος, ζύθος 'ögyptisches Gerstenbier'öö;
alb.-tosk. gjör 'soup' (*i̯ōḫno-), geg. gjanë 'smut, pond, pool, watering-place';
[common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
ablauteud gallorom. iutta from gall. *i̯uḫtā, mlat. iotta 'broth', mcymr. iwt, ncymr. uwd, iwd m., acorn. abret. iot, nbret. ioud, iod 'porridge, mash'; air. íth 'porridge, mash, broth' hat das ī probably from íth 'fat' bezogen (Thurneysen Gr. 39).
s-stem i̯ō̆(u)s-, i̯ūs- 'broth':
Old Indian yūṣ (only Nom.), yūṣá-, уuṣa- m. n. 'broth', lat. iūs, iūris 'broth, soup', lit. júšė (*i̯ūsii̯ā) 'schlechte soup from sourdough with Wasser durchgeröhrt', Old Prussian juse 'broth, meat broth', Old Church Slavic jucha (*i̯ousā) 'broth, soup' (nhd. Jauche from dem Westslav.); in addition die to-derivative nschwed. ōst (*i̯ūsto), anord. ostr (secondary ō) 'cheese' and finn.-urnord. juusto, nschwed. dial.ūst ds.;
perhaps in addition gr. ζύ̄μη 'sourdough' (*i̯ūsmā or i̯ūmā) and ζωμός 'broth, soup'(*i̯ō[u]smos or *i̯ō[u]mos).
References: WP. I 199, WH. I 734, Trautmann 110.
Page(s): 507
Root / lemma: i̯eu-2, i̯eu̯ǝ-, i̯eu̯-g-
English meaning: to tie together, yoke
German meaning: 'verbinden'
Note: probably as 1. i̯eu- 'vermengen' from 'in Bewegung place' evolved; s. also i̯eu-dh- and i̯eu-ni-.
Material: Old Indian yáuti, yuváti 'bindet an, schirrt an' (also 'mixed'), participle yutá-, yū̆tí- f. 'connection' (and 'Mischung'), ni-yút- f. 'row, Gespann', yūthá- m. 'association, troop, multitude, crowd', yōtra- n. 'rope, band', yūna- n. 'band, strap, cord', avayava- m. 'limb, member, part'; av. yav- 'sich wherewith beschöftigen' (present yavayeiti, Inf. yūtō, yūta), yaona- n. 'Beschöftigung', yav- (yu-) Adj. 'holding, stehend to jemanden' = Old Indian yú- 'journeyman, fellow' (see Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1264 f., where also about yáv- 'duration');
lett. Pl. jũtis 'joint (*connection), Scheideweg', lit. jáutis m. 'ox' ('*the vor den cart gespannte, jūmentum'; balt. heavy root); here also lett. jumis 'Doppelfrucht, Felddömon', jùmt '(roof) cover' (Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 177ff.). Fraglich arm. yaud 'connection' because of vocalism (iran. Lw.ö).
Perhaps here lat. juvāre 'support, help; ergötzen'; probably with Old Indian yu-yṓ-ti 'hölt fern, separates from, bewahrt vor, wehrt; hölt sich fern, wird apart, separated', ví-yavanta 'abwehrend' to a eigenen family zusammenzuschließen, with the as g-derivative also ags. géoc 'help, consolation, certainty', géocian 'preserve, protect, retten' compatible is; see under i̯eu-4.
Specht (KZ. 65, 207 f., 68, 52 ff.) places juvāre to Old Indian ávati, whereat above S. 77; against it M. Leumann Gl. 29, 173 f.
i̯u-go-m 'Joch':
Old Indian yugá- n. 'Joch; pair' (also 'gender, sex, Generation') =
gr. ζυγόν 'Joch' =
Maybe alb. zgjedhë 'ox yoke, slavery', zgjidh 'untie' contaminated by alb. lith 'tie' and gjedh 'cattle'
lat. jugum ds. (see also WH. I 728 f. about umbr. Iguvium) =
got. asöchs. juk n., ags. geoc, anord. ok 'Joch', ahd. juch, joch 'Joch; also so viel Land, as man with a Ochsengespann an a Tage pflögen kann';
lit. (with n after jùngiu) jùngas 'Joch';
Old Church Slavic igo (Gen. iga) 'Joch' (es-stem), čech. jho ds. (slav. *jьgo from *jъ́go, see also Berneker 421 f.; in addition aruss. оbьžа 'ein Landmaß; so viel, as ein Mann with a Pferde pflögt' from *ob-jъgjā, nowadays obža and obga- d. j. *obḫjъga- 'Deichselarme of Hakenpflugs'; Church Slavic Pl. ižesa, sloven. Gen. ižêsa with results of idg. stem *i̯eugos-, see under);
cymr. iau f., acymr. iou, acorn. ieu, bret. ieo, geo 'Joch', kazelyé, kazelgé 'Knechtschaft' = mcymr. kesseyl-yeu 'axillary yoke' (Loth RC 40, 153 f.); gall. PN Ver-iugo-dumnus; see also Pedersen KG. I 98; Thurneysen IA. 26, 26 zweifelt an the affiliation of ir. and Urverwandtschaft of brit. words; doubtful is also die Beurteilung from ir. cuing 'Joch'; after Hessen ZceltPh. 9, 39 maybe from *uing (*i̯ungis) through influence the preposition com-; dazumcymr. kyn-iwng 'association' (Loth RC 38, 160);
arm. luc 'Joch' zeugt not for originally anlaut li̯- the root; influence of lucanem 'spanne from';
hitt. i-ú-ga-an (yugan) 'Joch';
toch. A yoköm f. 'door, gate' (Old Indian Lw.ö).
without geschichtlichen connection untereinander are Old Indian yugalá- n. 'pair', lat. jugulum (Demin.) 'Jochbein, Schlösselbein', jugulae 'Sterngörtel of Orion', and gr. ζεύγλη 'Schlingeim Joch'; with hitt. yugas 'annual', dāyugas 'biennial' compare lit. dveigỹs 'biennial' (treigỹs 'dreijöhrig', etc.), above S. 229, 230.
i̯eu-gos- es-stem:
gr. τὸ ζεῦγος 'Gespann', Pl. ζεύγεα = lat. jūgera (*i̯ougesa), wherefore ein neuer Sg. jūgerum 'ein morning Landes' = mhd. jiuch n. 'morning Landes', compare also above Church Slavic ižesa, further perhaps (das certainly late) ἀζυγής 'unverbunden, unvermöhlt', as well as lat. iouxmenta, iūmentum (see S. 510); zero grade (as ἀζυγής, das but from ζυγόν from neologism sein kann) probably got. jukuzi f. 'Joch, Knechtschaft', compared with ags. gycer 'Joch' (*jukizi-), with u the 2. syllable through assimilationö
Verbalstamm i̯eu-g-:
Old Indian yunákti (3. Pl. yuñjánti = lat. jungunt), yuñjati 'schirrt an, spannt an, connects', compare full grade yōjayati (*jeugei̯eti) 'fögt together'; av. yaoj-, yuj- 'anspannen, anschirren; wherewith vertraut make, a thing teilhaftig machen';
gr. ζεύγνῡμι 'schirre an, verbinde', ζεῦξαι ζυγῆναι;
lat. jungō, -ere, -nxi, -nctus 'connect';
full grade ahd. untar-jauhta 'subjugavi';
lit. jùngiu, jùngti 'connect, ins Joch spannen'; participle Old Indian yuktá-, av. yuxta-, with dem prös. -n- lat. junctus, ags. geoht, iukt n. 'Joch', lit. jùngtas, with the (as in present from ζεῦξαι, ζευκτήρ etc. stammenden) lengthened grade ζευκτός;
root nouns i̯ug- in:
Old Indian yúj- 'fellow, comrade; geschirrt, bespannt with', ayúj- 'without Genossen, not in pairs, by pairs' = gr. ἄζυξ 'not gejocht', σύζυξ 'zusammengekoppelt, vereint', lat. conjux 'husband, wife'; Superl. *i̯ugistos in lat. juxtā 'dense besides' (*jugistā, scil. viā 'auf dem nöchst verbindenden Wege'); in den starken Kas. analogisches Old Indian yúñj-, lat. conjunx.
Additional derivatives in:
Old Indian уṓgа- m. 'das Anschirren, connection'; уṓgya- m. 'draft animal', compare anord. eykr 'draft animal, horse' (germ. *jaukiz, compare also Kaus. *jaukian 'anschirren' assumed through anord. eykt f. 'Arbeitszeit between den Mahlzeiten' from *jaukiÞō) = lat. jūgis 'perpetual; bestöndig flowing' (besides iūges, -ĕtis 'angespannt'); Old Indian yṓjana- n. 'ein Wegmaß', av. yujasti- f. ds.; Old Indian yukti- f. 'das Anschirren', gr. ζεῦξις 'das Anschirren, Verbinden', lat. juncti-m, juncti-ō, compare of es-stem av. yaōxšti- 'Fertigkeit, ability, capacity, adroitness'; Old Indian yōktár- 'Anschirrer', yṓktra- n. 'Strang, Gurt', av. yaōxǝδra- n. 'kriegerische Anspannung, Unternehmung, attack', gr. ζευκτῆρες 'Jochriemen', lat. junctor, junctūra; Old Indian yugmán- 'gepaart', gr. ζεῦγμa 'Zusammenjochung, Joch', lat. jug(u)mentum 'Pfosten, crossbar, crossbeam', due to of es-stem in addition alat. iouxmenta, klass. iūmentum 'Gespann'.
Perhaps with i̯eu̯- related are also die Sippen i̯eu̯(e)s- 'statute' as 'Verbindlichkeit, bond, Fug' and i̯ōs- 'görten' as *i̯ō[u]s-.
References: WP. I 201 f., WH. I 261, 726 ff., Trautmann 109 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 70 ff., 109, Renou BSL. 41, 18 ff.
Page(s): 508-510
Root / lemma: i̯eu-3
English meaning: young
German meaning: 'jung'
Material: Old Indian yúvan- (yúvā, Gen. yū́naḥ) 'young; youngling', f. yūnī, compounds Sup. yávīyas-, yáviṣṭa-ḥ; av. yvan-, yavan- (beides for yuvan- inscribed), Gen. yūnō 'youngling';
lat. juvenis 'young; youngling, virgin' (to -ven- instead of -vin- compare EM2 509) instead of *i̯uu̯ō due to the old conservative case Gen. juven-is, Dat. -ī, Akk. -em etc.; jūnī-x 'young cow' lat.-c-extension besides Old Indian yūnī, against it compounds jūnior with jungem jūn- (through lat. development from *juvenios); umbr. iouies 'juvenibus, militibus', Akk. Pl. jovie (ein of compounds röckgebildetes *joviē-s 'troop, multitude, crowd the juniores'ö);
air. ōa 'jönger', ōam 'jöngst', mcymr. ieu (ncymr. iau) 'jönger', ieuaf (so also ncymr.) 'jöngst', bret. iaou 'jönger', next to which the Positiv air. ōac (arch. oëc), mir. ōc, cymr. ieuanc, bret. iaouank, acorn. iouenc, mcorn. yowynk 'young', gall. Jovinc-illus, -a (idg. *i̯uu̯n̥k̂ós, see under), after dem compounds-Sup. to kelt. *i̯eu̯-, *i̯ou̯n̥ko- unvocalized;
lit. jáunas, lett. jaûns; abg. junъ 'young' (-no-stem instead of -n-stem after *seno-s 'old'; i̯uu̯eno- after dem Kompar. reconverted to *i̯eu̯eno-, bsl. *i̯ōuno-).
derivatives of stem *i̯uu̯en-:
i̯uu̯n̥k̂ó-s: Old Indian yuvaśá-ḥ, yuvaká-ḥ 'jugendlich', lat. juvencus, -a 'young bull, young cow, Junges', umbr. iveka, iuenga 'juvenca', got. juggs, aisl. ungr, ahd. jung, ags. geong 'young' (urg. *jūngaz from *juwungáz; in addition ein neuer compounds *jū́nhizan- in:) got. jūhiza, aisl. ø̄re 'jönger' (compare also aisl. ø̄ska 'Jugend' from *jū[n]hiskōn-).
i̯uu̯ent-, i̯uu̯n̥t-: Old Indian yúvant-, f. yuvatí-ḥ 'young; virgin'; ahd. jugund, as. juguð, ags. geoguð (g instead of w after *duʒunÞi- 'Tugend, skillfulness'), got. junda 'Jugend' (*i̯uu̯n̥tā); lat. juventūs, -tūtis 'Jugend' (jūventa = got. jundaö) = air. ōetiu, ōitiu, Gen. -ted 'Jugend' (*i̯ou̯n̥tūt-s, reshaped from i̯uu̯n̥tūt-, see above to ōac).
A s-extension probably in Old Indian yṓṣā, Gen. *yōṣṇáh, N. Pl. yóṣūḥ, yṓṣaṇaḥ 'young, zum Liebesgenuß geeignetes woman, wife'; for lat. Jūnō, if die goddess eig. 'die jugendliche' stands for, is from dem in jūnīx, jūnior present stem i̯ūn- derived; different Leumann-Stolz5 239.
Maybe alb. *y±ng-, v±gel, vogël (diminutive) ‘young’, voc ‘young boy’
References: WP. I 200 f., WH. I 735 f.
Page(s): 510-511
Root / lemma: i̯eu-4
English meaning: to separate; to hold off
German meaning: 'trennen, fernhalten'
Note: see above S. 508; after Renou (möndl.) is die Old Indian root yu- 'separate' with yu- 'connect' identical and jene meaning from dem compounds with ápa- and ví- öbernommen.
Page(s): 511
Root / lemma: i̯eu-ni- or i̯ou-ni-
English meaning: the right way
German meaning: etwa 'angewiesene Stötte, richtiger Weg'
Material: Old Indian yṓni- m. 'Aufenthaltsort', f. 'womb', av. Akk. Sg. yaonǝm 'way' (probably from yaonim, see Wackernagel KZ. 46, 266); in addition Old Indian syoná- 'behaglich' from *su-yoná-, Wackernagel KZ. 61, 203f.;
air. úain f. 'Gelegenheit (i.e. more properly place = richtige time), Muße, time'.
References: WP. I 204;
See also: probably to i̯eu-1 'in Bewegung place'.
Page(s): 512
Root / lemma: i̯eu̯o-
English meaning: corn; barley
German meaning: 'Getreide', vor allem 'Gerste'
Material: Old Indian yáva- m. 'corn, grain; barley, millet, sorghum' = av. yava- m. 'corn, grain', npers. jav 'barley' (= lit. javaĩ); Old Indian yavya- m. 'Fruchtvorrat' (: lit. jáuja 'barn'); yavasá- n. 'grass, food', av. yavaŋha- n. 'willow'; av. yǝvīn- m. 'Getreidefeld';
hom. att. ζειαί f. Pl. 'Spelt', hom. ζείδωρος 'corn hervorbringend' (for *ζεFεδωρος), φυσί-ζοος (αἶα) 'corn hervorbringend' (: i̯eu̯o-s = εὔ-φρων : φρήν);
lit. jãvas m. 'species of grain', javaĩ Pl. 'corn, grain', jáuja 'barn'.
References: WP. I 202 f., Trautmann 107.
Page(s): 512
Root / lemma: i̯eu̯os-
English meaning: norm, right
German meaning: etwa 'Satzung, Fug'
Note: perhaps as 'Verbindlichkeit' to *i̯eu-2 'connect'
Material: Old Indian yōḥ n. 'salvation!' (only in connection with śáṃ; zur form s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1234); av. yaožda-δāiti 'makes bright, purifies, cleans rituell';
lat. iūs 'statute, Verordnung, right' (alat. ious from *i̯ou̯os, compare:) iūstus (alat. iovestōd) 'gerecht'; jūrō, -āre 'swear, vow' (alat. probably in iouesat Duenos-Inschr.), about jūrgō, iniūria; pe(r)ierāre, ējerāre, dēierāre (tiefstufiges i̯ŭsā-) s. WH. I 732 ff., EM2 506 ff.; about jūdex 'judge' see above S. 188, WH. I 726;
air. huisse 'gerecht' (*i̯us-ti̯os).
References: WP. I 203, WH. I 733 f., 870.
Page(s): 512
Root / lemma: i̯ēgʷā
English meaning: force
German meaning: 'Kraft, Jugendkraft'
Material: Gr. ἥβη 'Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit', ἡβάω 'bin nubile, marriageable', ἡβάσκω 'become m. ', ἔφ-ηβος 'youngling' (compare ἐπ-άργυρος);
lit. nuo-, paḫjėgà 'power, Vermogen', jėgiù, jė̃gti 'vermögen, stark sein', lett. jẽga 'Verstand', jẽgt 'catch, understand, comprehend'; whether here das isolierte russ. dial. jáglyj 'violent; keen, eager; fast, rapid, hurried'ö (see Berneker 443).
Doubtful is die interpretation from gr. ἁβρός 'tender, fine, luscious' from *i̯ǝgʷ-rós 'in Jugendkraft strotzend', also, whether lat. Iegius, osk. Ieíis (with ēö) hierhergehören.
References: WP. I 206 f., Trautmann 107.
Page(s): 503
Root / lemma: i̯ēk- : i̯ǝk-
English meaning: to heal
German meaning: 'heilen'ö
Material: Gr. ἄκος n. 'remedy', ἀκέομαι 'heal', delph. ἐφακει̃σθαι, ἀκέστωρ (as epithet Apollos, 'physician, medicine man, Retter', ἀκεστήρ 'Heiler, physician, medicine man', episch-ionische Psilose), in att. Prosa selten gebrauchte words;
air. hīcc (*i̯ēkko-) 'healing, Zahlung', cymr. iach 'fit, healthy', corn. yagh, bret. iac'h ds. (*i̯ǝkko-), with unclear Konsonantenverdopplung.
References: WP. I 195, WH. I 716, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303;
See also: see above i̯ek- 'speak'.
Page(s): 504
Root / lemma: i̯ē̆kʷ-r̥(t-), Gen. i̯ekʷ-n-és
English meaning: liver
German meaning: 'Leber'
Material: Old Indian yákr̥t, Gen. yaknáḥ 'liver'; pers. jigar (*yakar-), afghan. yī̆na (obl. *yaxna-); lengthened grade (ö) av. yākarǝ (after W. Krause KZ. 56, 304 ff. perhaps also av. *haḫyākana-, compare anord. lifre m. 'the zur selben liver Gehörige, brother', lifra f. 'sister') =
gr. ἧπαρ, -ατος (*-n̥-tos);
lat. jecur, -oris and -inoris (proves previously *jecinis; amalgamation of r-and n-Stammes);
balt. *i̯eknā f. in lit. jãknos, old jeknos, jekanas, lett. aknas, aknis f. Pl. Old Prussian iagno (Hs. lagno) f.
After Pedersen KG. I 129 here mir. i(u)chair (*ikuri-) f., Gen. i(u)chrach 'Fischrogen' and Church Slavic ikra, russ. ikra, osorb. jikro, jikno ds., das further with slav. ikra 'Scholle' and ikra 'calf' (and dessen balt. equivalent or rather Lehnformen, Old Prussian yceroy, lett. ikrs, alit. Gen. ikrū) under a basic meaning 'clump, intumescence' identical is. Also idg. *i̯ekʷr̥t could auf the same outlook based on.
Schwierig is das perhaps distorted taboo arm. leard, Gen. lerdi 'liver' (compare lastly Cuny Recherches 68 ff.). Whereas belong anord. lifr f. 'liver', ags. lifer, engl.liver, ahd. libera, lebara to gr. λιπαρός 'fat', indem das originally epithet the (gemösteten) liver also das old word for liver verdröngt hat, as lat. jecur ficātum to ital. fegato etc. geföhrt hat.
A proto idg. basic form *li̯ekʷr̥t scheint mir to gewagt.
References: WP. I 205 f., WH. I 673, Trautmann 103, 106, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 518, Benveniste Origines I 8f.
Page(s): 504
Root / lemma: i̯ē- : i̯ǝ-, with -k- extended i̯ēk-, i̯ǝk-
English meaning: to throw; to do
German meaning: 'werfen, machen, tun'
Material: Gr. ἵημι (Inf. ἱέναι, Fut. ἥσω, Aor. ἕ-ηκα, ἧκα) 'put in Bewegung, throw, cast, sende' (*i̯iḫi̯ēḫmi); ἧμα n. 'Wurf';
lat. iaciō, iēci, iactum, iacere 'throw, cast, schleudere; streue from, verbreite';
hitt. i-ja-mi 'I make', pí-ja-mi 'schicke hin', uḫiḫjaḫmi 'schicke her'; here luw. aḫiḫjaḫru (from *i-ja-ruö) 'soll gemacht become'ö;
toch. A ya- 'make', suppliert through yḫpa-, in preterit through yām-, das in В in ganzen paradigm durchgeföhrt worden is; after Van Windekens (Lexique 167) here also А В yök- 'neglect'ö
Pedersen places also here gr. ἰάπτω 'sende, dispatch'.
Gegen derivation from gr. ἵημι from *siḫsēḫmi with guten Grönden WH. I 667, EM 468. Zweifelnd Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686, 741. Frisk (Eranos 41, 49 f.) entscheidet sich because of arm. himn 'foundation' ('*das Geworfeneö' = lat. sēmen) for *si-sē-mi.
References: WP. I 199, II 460, WH. I 667, Pedersen Hitt. 129, 198, Toch. 166, 191, Lykisch under Hitt. 30.
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯oi-ni-
English meaning: bulrush
German meaning: 'Binse'
Material: Lat. iuncus 'bulrush' (*i̯oini-ko-s) belongs to mir. aín 'bulrush' (*i̯oini-), Gen. aíne; about lat. iūniperus 'Wacholderstrauch' s. WH. I 731, 870 and Leumann Gl. 27, 74;
aisl. einir, schwed. en 'juniper', ndd. ēn(e)ke ds. whether from *jainia-, wodurch the Bedeutungswechsel Binse : juniper (see above) as old gesichert wörde. Yet is then by mnd. eynholz and nhd. Einbeerbaum (from aisl. eini-ber 'Wacholderbeere') influence of ein 'ein' anzunehmen.
References: WP. I 208f., Kluge11 126.
Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯ork-
English meaning: a kind of roebuck
German meaning: 'Tier from the Gruppe the Rehe'
Material: Gr. ζόρξ, ζορκάς, with folk etymology connection an δέρκομαι mostly δόρξ, δορκός; δορκάς f., δόρκος m. 'roe deer, gazelle';
gallo-rom. *i̯orkos 'roe deer', cymr. iwrch 'caprea mas', corn. yorch, bret. iourc'h 'roe deer' (presumably from dem Keltischen derive die spöteren occasional forms ἴορκος, ἴορκες, ἴυρκες by Opp. and Hes.); gall. FN Jurca.
References: WP. I 209; M.-L. 9678.
Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯ou, i̯u
German meaning: 'schon'
See also: see above S. 285 (e-3, etc..)
Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯o-
German meaning: Relativstamm
See also: see above S. 283 (e-3, etc..)
Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯ō[u]s- : i̯ūs-
English meaning: belt; to begird
German meaning: 'görten'
Note: (presumably to i̯eu-2)
Material: Av. yā̊ŋhayeiti (mostly with aiwi-) 'görtet', participle yāsta- 'gegörtet', yāh n. 'Görtelschnur';
gr. ζώννvμι 'görte', ζωστός (= av. yāsta-, lit. júostas) 'gegörtet', ζωστήρ 'belt, girdle', ζῶμα ds. (*ζωσ-μα compare lit. juosmuõ 'Gurt'), ζώνη ds. (*ζωσ-νᾱ, compare russ.-Church Slavic pojasnь ds.);ζούσθω ζωννύσθω Hes. perhaps thessal. = *ζώσθωö
alb. n-gjehs 'I görte';
lit. júosiu, júosti 'görten', júostas 'gegörtet', júosta 'belt, girdle' besides paḫjūsė́ti 'görten' (ablaut ōu : ū);
Old Church Slavic pojaśǫ, -jasati 'görten', pojasъ 'belt, girdle' (etc., see Berneker 449).
References: WP. I 209, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108 f.
Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯u-1
English meaning: you (pl.)
German meaning: 'ihr'
Grammatical information: originally only Nom.; case oblique of stem u̯ē̆s-, u̯ō̆s- (from *i̯u̯es, *i̯u̯osö)
Material: 1. Old Indian yuvám 'ihr' Du., yūyám Pl., av. yūžǝm, gathav. yūš;
arm. nachwirkend in den with je- anlaut. case e.g. Dat. jez (e after mez 'nobis', k'ez 'tibi');
got. jūs 'ihr' Pl. otherwise after 'wir' (see u̯e-) reshaped aisl. ér, ags. gē, as. gī̆, ge, ahd. ir; Du. got. *ju-t (: lit. jù-du), otherwise after 'wir' reshaped aisl. it, ags. as. git;
lit. jū́s, lett. jũs, pr. ioūs, iaūs 'ihr' Pl., lit. jù-du 'ihr both'; Old Prussian iouson, lit.jū́sų, lett. jũsu 'euer'.
u̯ē̆s-, u̯ō̆s-: Old Indian vaḥ, av. vā̊ enkl. for Akk. Gen. Dat. Pl., Dual. Old Indian vām; of Akk. *us-sme (= lesb. ὔμμε) from with Übernahme of nominative i̯- Old Indian yuṣmā́n Akk. (etc.), av. Abl. yūšmat̃;
gr. lesb. ὔμμε (*usḫsm-), dor. ὑμέ Akk., out of it nom. lesb. ὔμμες, dor. ὑμές, as well as att. ὑμεῖς etc.;
alb. ju 'ihr' from *u = Old Indian vaḥ with hiatustilgendem j-;
Also alb. juve 'you', jush 'from you'
lat. vōs (= av. Akk. Pl. vā̊ö), pälign. vus 'vos' and 'vobis', lat. vester, umbr. uestra 'vestrā';
Old Prussian wans Akk.; Old Church Slavic Nom. Akk. Pl. vy, Gen. Pl. vasъ, Dat. Pl. vamъ, Instr. Pl. vami;
hitt. šu-(um-)meḫes (sumes) from *usme (compare Pedersen Hitt. 75 f);
toch. A yas, В yes (das y from the 1. Pl.).
Besides with anlaut su̯ : air. sī, sissi 'ihr' (uaiḫb 'from euch' under likewise from *ō-su̯ī), cymr. etc. chwi 'ihr' (das -ī < -*oi of Nom. Pl. the o-stemö); ir. far n. 'euer', indalaḫsār 'the eine from euch beiden', sethar 'euer' (compare Thurneysen Gr. p. 449), and with anlaut esu̯- got. izwis 'euch', izwara 'euer', aisl. yðr, yðuar ds., wgerm. without s (i.e. probably with s- reduction) ahd. iuwih 'euch' (Akk.), iuwēr 'euer' etc.; perhaps is also gr. σφώ 'ihr both' after dem Reflexivum, where *σFε- through σφε- abgelöst wurde, an die place an ölteren *σFω getreten.
References: WP. I 209 f., Trautmann 110, 364, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 600 f.
Page(s): 513-514
Root / lemma: i̯ū̆ 2
English meaning: exclamatory interjection
German meaning: Ausruf, especially Jauchzen
Material: Gr. ἰαυοῖ 'juche!' (ἰαῦ, ἰύ:), ἰύ: 'interjection of amazement'; with silbischem, to Teil langem i- (ī̆u-) reiht sich an ἰ̄υγή 'Jubel- or Wehgeschrei', ἰυγμός ds., ἰ̄ύζω (Fut. ἰύξω) 'cry' (Lit. by Bezzenberger BB. 27, 164 f., the also auf lit. ývas 'Nachteule', Old Prussian ywo-garge, Eulenbaum' and auf das n-present ἰνύεται κλαίει, ὀδύρεται Hes. verweist); not here, but to au1 (above S. 71) belongs ἀῡτή 'scream', da older inschr. ἀFῡτά;
lat. jūbilō 'jauchze, jodle' (perhaps *i̯ūd-dhǝ-lō 'make jū') ; in addition iugō, -ere 'shout, call the Gabelweihe';
mir. ilach (*ii̯uluko-) 'Siegesjubel';
mhd. jū, jūch 'Ausruf the pleasure, joy' (similarly jō beim From- and shout), therefrom mhd. jūwen, jūwezen 'ju rufen, jubeln', jūchezen, nhd. jauchzen, juchzen, mhd. jōlen, jodeln, nhd. johlen, jodeln, also anord. ȳla, engl. yowl 'howl' from *jūljan;
serb. jȕ, íjù, ijuju 'juchhe!';
lit. ývas 'Nachteule' see above.
References: WP. I 210, WH. I 725 ff.
Page(s): 514
Root / lemma: īli-
English meaning: groin, intestines
German meaning: 'Weichen, Eingeweide, Geschlechtsteile'ö
Note:
From Root / lemma: engʷ-, n̥gʷḗn (engʷh-): swelling derived Root / lemma: īli- (engʷhi, indi): groin, intestines. Common illyr. -gʷh- > -d- phonetic mutation. Maybe taboo in alb. anda 'pleasure, delight (sexualö)'. From illyr. *engʷhi > indi derived Root / lemma: īli- (engʷhi, indi): groin, intestines [common lat. -d- > -l- phonetic mutation].
Material: Gr. ἴλια μόρια γυναικεῖα; ἴλιον τὸ τἡς γυναικὸς ἐφήβαιον δηλοῖ. καὶ κόσμιον γυναικεῖον παρὰ Κῴοις Hes. (presumably ἰ-, compare:)
lat. īlia, -um 'intestines, guts; loin, flank; the lower abdomen' (Sg. īlium Gl., īle 'the genitals' constructed by Catull); or ἴλια lat. Lw.ö
whether here cymr. il 'Görung' (*swellingö), gall. PN Ilio-mārus 'with big groin' and schott. island air. Īle, göl. İle, engl. Islay (Watson, Celtic Place-Names 87)ö
Perhaps here slav. *jelito (from *jilitoö) etc. 'groin, intestines, testicles' (t-forms as in lanita 'cheek', isto 'kidney', lysto 'calf', usta 'mouth') in wruss. jality 'testicles', serb. old jelito 'a sausage, a small sausage', čak. olìto 'intestine, a sausage', poln. jelito 'intestine', dial. 'sausage', Pl. 'intestines, entrails', russ. litónьja 'manyplies of ruminants, psalterium' (Old Prussian laitian n. 'sausage' probably from apoln. *litoö).
References: WP. I 163 f., WH. I 673 f.
Page(s): 499
Root / lemma: īl-, īlu-
English meaning: dirt; black
German meaning: 'Schlamm' and 'schwarz' (= 'schmutzig'ö or umgekehrt 'Schlamm, Moor' as das 'Dunkle'ö)
Material: Gr. ἰλύ̄ς, -ύος f. 'slime, mud, ordure; dregs, sediment (of wine); impurity', εἰλύ (i.e. ἰλύ) μέλαν Hes.;
lett. īls 'very dark' (*īlus);
Old Church Slavic ilъ 'mud, mire, dirt; clay; bog', russ. iɫ, Gen. íɫa 'slime, mud', čech. jíl 'slime, mud, loam, clay', poln. iɫ, jeɫ 'clay, natural dampness of earth', wherefore maybe the name of the whitefish living in the mud (Squalius vulgaris), russ. jeléc, Gen. jelcá, čech. jelec, jilec, poln. jelec, nsorb. jalica (to Anlautswechsel compare under īli- 'groin, intestines').
References: WP. I 163, Trautmann 103.
Page(s): 499