The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's “Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch”, scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow), who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1. bher- appears as bher-1) because automatic alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata.
The original database, as well as StarLing software to work with it, are found at Sergei Starostin's The Tower of Babel website. This document was prepared for the Indo-European language Association at for its official English site on Proto-Indo-European, and for the German version of the site.
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Root / lemma: nak-
English meaning: fur
German meaning: 'Fell'
Material: Gr. νάκος n., νάκη f. 'wolliges fell, fur, Vlies', ἀρνακίς f. (for *ἀρνο-νακίς) 'Schaffell', νακύ(δ)ριον δέρμα Hes.; ags. næsc 'weiches leather as e.g. Hirschleder' (*nak-s-ko-, -kā; compare den -es-stem νάκος); Old Prussian nognan (from *noknan) n. 'leather' (*nāk-no-); in addition after E. Lewy Old Indian nā́ka- 'Himmelsgewölbe'.
References: WP. II 316.
Page(s): 754
Root / lemma: nana, nena etc.
English meaning: mother, etc.. (child word)
German meaning: Lallwort
Material: Old Indian nanā́ 'mother, Mötterchen', *nanānā reshaped (after svasā : svasr-) to nanāndar 'of Mannes sister', np. nana 'mother'; gr. νάννα, νίννη 'Base, aunt', νέννος, νάννας 'uncle'; alb. nanë 'mother, wet nurse'; lat. nonnus m., nonna f. late 'Mönch, Nonne', also 'Pflegerin eines Kindes'; cymr. nain (*nanī) 'grandmother'; russ. njanja 'Kinderwörterin' (dial. also 'older sister'), bulg. neni 'the Ältere', skr. nena, nana 'mother', sorb. nan 'father'; compare also nhd. Nenne, Kinderwort for 'milk'.
References: WP. II 317, WH. II 175.
Page(s): 754
Root / lemma: nant-
English meaning: to dare, risk
German meaning: 'wagen, sich erköhnen'
Note: only kelt. and germ.
Material: Air. néit m. 'fight, struggle (*nanti-); got. ana-nanÞjan 'venture, risk', aisl. nenna 'öbers heart bringen', ahd. preterit ginand 'courage wherefore have', ginenden, as. nāthian, ags. nēÞan 'venture, risk', aisl. nenninn 'tötig, strebsam' ('*wagefroh') mhd. genende(c) 'keen, eager', ahd. nand (also in names as Ferdinand), ags. nōð f. 'courage'.
References: WP. II 317.
Page(s): 755
Root / lemma: nas- (*ḫenaḫ-)
English meaning: nose
German meaning: 'Nase'
Note: (nās- from the lengthened grade case this conservative stem, originally Nom. Sg.), originally probably 'nostril'
Root / lemma: nas- : 'nose' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 (*ḫenaḫ-): 'to breathe'
Material: Old Indian nas-ā́, -í, -ṓḥ Instr. Lok. Sg., Gen. Du.; nā́sā Nom. Du. 'nose' (originally 'nostril'), secondary nā́sā f. 'nose', nas-táḥ Adv. 'of the nose', nasya- 'an the Nase situated', etc., nā́sikā 'nostril, nose'; av. nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- 'nose', ap. nāham Akk. Sg. (= lat. nārem) 'nose'; lat. nāris, mostly. Pl. -ēs, -ium 'nostril' (i-stem geworden; Akk. Sg. Pl. still conservative form); nāsum n. (alat.) and nās(s)us m. 'nose' (expressives ss);
Note:
lat. (*nāsus) naris f. 'the nostrils, nose' reflect common lat. s > r rhotacism.
ags. nōse f. 'foreland, promontory', aschwed. norw. nōs 'snout', afries. nōsi ds. (*nās-); ablaut. ahd. nasa 'nose', anord. nǫs f. 'nostril, nose, projecting cliff', ags. nasu 'nose' (presumably Dual 'both nostrils'); næs- in compound, anord. nes n., Gen. Pl. nesja 'foreland, promontory, Landzunge', mnd. nes (-ss-) m. ds., ags. næss m. ds. (germ. *nasja-); Old Prussian nozy, lit. nósis f. 'nose', nasraĩ m. Pl. 'Rachen' (old nãsras 'mouth'), Old Church Slavic nozdri 'Nasenlöcher' (from -sr-), поsъ 'nose' (russ. 'foreland, promontory').
Maybe zero grade of attribute noun in alb. (*ḫnasu-táḥ) hunda 'nose' [the old laryneal ḫ-] : Old Indian nas-táḥ Adv. 'of the nose' : Hittite titita 'nose' see alb. numbers. Also Old indian ŕ̥jūnas- [m] PN (RV .052.02); urūṇasá- [adj] 'with a broad nose' (RV 10.014.12); Also nasy-otá- [adj] 'grabbed at the nose' (TS+); pavīnasá- [adj] 'with a nose like a felloe' (AV); nasvánt- [adj] 'nosed' (AV)
Luwian titita (*nini-ta : ntintita) : Hittite titita 'nose' : av. nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- 'nose' common Anatolian, Albanian attribute nouns with -ta suffix (see alb. numbers).
References: WP. II 318, WH. II 143 ff., Trautmann 193 f., Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 75.
Page(s): 755
Root / lemma: nāgʷh-
English meaning: sober
German meaning: 'nöchtern'ö
Note: Only arm. and gr.
Material: Arm. naut'i 'sober'; gr. vήφω, dor. νά̄φω 'bin sober'.
References: WP. II 317.
Page(s): 754
Root / lemma: nā-1
English meaning: to help, be of use
German meaning: 'helfen, nötzen'
Material: Old Indian nā́-tha- n. 'help', m. 'Schötzer', nā-tha-tē 'fleht'; gr. ὀ-νί-νη-μι, -νᾰ-μεν 'nötze', Fut. ὀ-νή-σω, Med. ὀ-νί-νᾰ-μαι, Aor. ὠνήμην 'have benefit', ὄνειαρ n., more properly ὄνηαρ, -ατος 'benefit' (*o-nā-u̯r̥), etc.
References: WP. II 315.
Page(s): 754
Root / lemma: nā-2
English meaning: to be afraid, ashamed
German meaning: 'sich förchten, schömen'
Material: Air. nār 'bescheiden' (*nā-sro-), ná(i)re 'the genitals' (*nā-srii̯ā); hitt. naḫ(ḫ)- 'fear, dread, sichförchten', naḫšarii̯a- 'be afraid'.
References: H. Pedersen Hittitisch 187.
Page(s): 754
Root / lemma: nāu-2 : nǝu- : nū-
English meaning: death; corpse
German meaning: A. 'Tod, Leiche', B. 'bis zur Erschöpfung abquölen; ermattet zusammensinken'
Material: A. Got. naus 'corpse' (ga-nawistrōn 'bury'), aisl. nār ds., ags. nē(o) m. ds.; aruss. navь ' corpse', аčесh. náv, -i m. 'Jenseits, hell', lett. nâwe 'death', therefrom nâwêt 'slay', nâwîtiês 'sich möhen, sich slay'; Old Prussian nowis 'trunk'.
B. air. nūne (older naunae) f., cymr. newyn m. 'Hungersnot' (*nǝu̯eni̯o-), bret. naoun (*nǝueno-) ds.; mcymr. neued 'Sehnsucht, need' (*nāu̯-itā); lett. nâwîtiês (see above), lit. nõvyti 'torment, smite, slay', iš-nôvyti 'destroy'; causative Old Church Slavic čech. unaviti 'exhaust', Postverbal čech. únava 'Ermödung', russ. dial. onáva 'tiredness', zero grade Old Church Slavic unyti 'slack sein, erschlaffen', čech. nýti 'dahinschmachten', russ. nýtь 'elegiac become'.
nǝu-ti- in got. nauÞs f. 'need, Zwang', aisl. nauð, nauðr f. 'Zwang, tribulation, Notwendigkeit', as. nōd, ahd. nōt 'crowdedness, tribulation, need', ags. nēad-, nīed f. 'need, obligation, tribulation'; Old Prussian nautin (*nāuti-) (Akk.) 'need'; in Slav. forms with u and ǫ, t and d (see Meillet, Slave commun2 61 f.): Old Church Slavic nǫžda 'Zwang, force, might, Notwendigkeit', poln. nędza 'need', abg. nǫditi 'nötigen', but also Old Church Slavic nužda 'Zwang, need', nuditi 'nötigen', poln. nuda 'Langeweile'; with t poln. nęt 'Lockung', bulg. nut 'Zwang', poln. nucić (16. Jhdt.) 'constrain, oblige'; das -d- steht as idg.extension besides -t-, das ǫ is through secondary nasalization originated.
References: WP. II 316, Trautmann 201 f.; Loth RC 45, 199 ff.
Page(s): 756
Root / lemma: nāus-1
English meaning: boat
German meaning: 'Schiff' (ausgehöhlter Einbaum)
Grammatical information: f. Akk. nāu̯m̥
Material: Old Indian nāu- (Nom. nā́uḥ) 'ship, boat' (nāvya- 'schiffbar'); ap. nāviyā 'fleet' (: gr. νήιος 'zumSchiff gehörig'); nāvāja- m. 'Schiffer', av. navāza- ds (: gr. ναυ-ηγός ds., compare also lat.nāvig-āre, -ium); av. nāvaya- 'schiffbar' (about Old Indian ati-nu s. Brugrnann II1 137 Anm. 2); arm. nav 'ship' (from dem Pers.ö); gr. hom. νηῦς, νηός (*νᾱFός), att. ναῦς, νεώς 'ship'; lat. nāvis ds. (originally conservative stem, compare Akk. nāvem = Old Indian nā́vam, gr. νῆα; air. náu (Gen. nōë, Dat. Pl. nōib) 'ship'; cymr. noe 'flaches vessel, kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch', bret. neo ds. (*nāu̯i̯ā); here gall. (vorrom.) nāvā 'Talschlucht', also FlN; gall. nausum 'ship'; aisl. nōr m. 'ship', nau-st 'Schiffsschuppen', nōa-tūn (nōa = gr. νηῶν) 'Schiffsburg', ags. nōwend 'Schiffer', (but mhd.nāwe, næwe 'small ship', nhd. dial. Naue from dem Lat.); norw. nō 'trough from a ausgehöhlten tree truck', nøla (*nōwilōn-) 'großer trough, schweres boat' ahd. nuosc, mhd. nuosch m. 'trough, gully', afries. nōst 'trough', mnd. nōste 'Viehtrog, Wassertrog'; here the lit. FlN Nóva, polonis. Nawa.
Maybe alb. *nāviyā, anija ‘ship’
References: WP. II 315, WH. II 148 f., J. Hubschmid R. int. d'Onom. 4, 3 ff.
Page(s): 755-756
Root / lemma: ne 2, nē
Enclitic particles
German meaning: enklit. Partikeln
See also: see above S. 320 f. (eno-).
Page(s): 758
Root / lemma: nebh-1
English meaning: to burst
German meaning: 'bersten'öö
Material: Old Indian nábhatē 'cracks'; aisl. nǣfr 'die outer birch bark' as 'berstend, sich losschölend'.
References: WP. II 330.
Page(s): 758
Root / lemma: nebh-2
See also: see above S. 315 f. (enebh-).
Page(s): 758
Root / lemma: ned-1 : ned-
English meaning: to roll up; to attach, bind
German meaning: 'zusammendrehen, knöpfen'
Material: 1. Lat. nōdus 'knot' (idg. *nōdos); presumably nassa (*nad-s-ā) 'fish snaring net, geflochtener Korbmit engem Halse'; nectō, -ere, nexī, nectum 'tie, bind, knot, bind' is neologism after plectō; with the meaning 'nahe' from 'eng joined': osk. nessimas Nom. Pl. f. 'proximae', umbr. nesimei 'proxime';
air. Kompar. nessa, Sup. nessam 'propior, proximus', cymr. nes, nessaf, corn. nes, mbret. nes, nessaff ds.; air. nascim 'bind, verpflichte' (*ned-skō), arnenas 'I will bind' (etc.), naidm 'das Binden, pact, covenant', for-naidm 'band, strap', nasc 'ring' (compare zur -sk-formation ahd. nusca, das also imu = e 'öbereinstimmt, further av. naska- 'Textsammlung', probably eig. 'bundle'); bret. naska 'anbinden';
got. nati, ahd. nezzi, as. nẹt, nẹtti, ags. aisl. net 'net', lengthened grade (as lat. nōdus), aisl. nōt f. 'big net';
with formant -s-k-, -sḫt-: ahd. nuska, mhd. nösche 'Mantelschnalle', as. nusk(i)a 'Spange' (see above); aisl. nist, nisti n. 'Spange am Kleid', nista 'zusammenheften'; nesta 'festheften, festnageln', mhd. nesten (nesteln) 'festbinden, lace, tie', ahd. nestilo, nestila 'loop, Schnörriemen, Binde', nhd. Nestel, as. nestila 'Binde, Haarband', agutn. nast, nestli; reduced grade ags. nos(t)le 'band, strap';
daß ned- eine extension from (s)nē- 'zusammendrehen' sei, wird besides through die meaning also through die s-anlaut. forms air. snaidm 'knot' (compare above naidm) and nhd. hess. Schnatz 'das geflochtene and um die Haarnadel gewickelte Haar the Frauen, Kopfputz the Bröute' (*snatta- with germ. -tt-) probably.
2. Here presumably die appellation the nettle (as older Gespinstpflanze):
Gr. ἀδίκη (*n̥d-ikā); ahd. nazza, aisl. nǫtr, ahd. nezzila (germ. *natilōn), ags. netele; besides with idg. -t- (also *nǝ-t-, nō-t- as t-extension zur vermutlichen root (s)nē-) Old Prussian noatis, lit. nõterė, notrė̃ 'nettle', nõtrynė 'Taubnessel', lett. nâtre, nâtra 'nettle', slav. *natь 'Krautblötter' in slov. nât (Gen. natî), poln. nać ds. and at most (as redupl. proto kelt.*ni-nati-ö) mir. nenaid, nir. neantóg 'nettle', dissimil. bret. linad ds.
References: WP. II 328 f., WH. II 144 f., 155 f., 172 f., Trautmann 194, H. Jacobsohn Arier under Ugrofinnen 90 f.;
See also: see under (s)nē-.
Page(s): 758-759
Root / lemma: ned-2
English meaning: to sound, roar, etc..
German meaning: 'tönen, bröllen, rauschen'
Note:
Root / lemma: ned-2 : 'to sound, roar, etc…' : Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid- : 'to flow, stream' derived from Root / lemma: neigʷ- : 'to wash'.
Material: Old Indian nádati 'sounds, bellow, roar, soughs', nada- m. 'Bröller, bull, river', nadī́- f. 'river, flood', nadī-na- m., nadī-śa- m. 'sea', etc.; av. nad- 'vilify, scold'; gr. (illyr.) FlN Νέδα (Arkad.), Νέδων (Messen.); thrak. FlN Νέστος; illyr. FlN Νέστος (Dalm.) from *ned-to-.
Maybe MoHG Nette N of a river; MoHG Netze Name of a river
Note:
Again illyr. displays satem characteristics the same as alb.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nádati) deti 'sea' : Old Indian nadī-śa- m. 'sea'.
References: A. Mayer Mél. Boisacq II 132 f., Krahe IF. 58, 209 ff.
Page(s): 759
Root / lemma: nedo-
English meaning: reed
German meaning: 'Schilfö'
Material: Old Indian nadá- m. presumably 'reed', npers. nai, dial. nad 'reed'; arm. net 'Pfeil'; lit. néndrė (and léndrė) 'reed' (with nasal after leñkti 'bend'ö); lett. našl̨i 'reed' from*nadslisö
References: WP. II 329; compare Kuiper, Proto-Munda 82.
Page(s): 759
Root / lemma: neĝh-
English meaning: to pierce, stick
German meaning: 'durchbohren, stechen'
Material: Mir. ness 'wound' (*neĝh-s-); reduced grade Old Church Slavic vъ-nьzǫ 'stecke hinein', Infin. vъ-nьznǫti, Kaus. russ.-Church Slavic vъ-noziti 'hineinstechen'; Old Church Slavic nožь 'knife'; whether here Old Indian ákṣu- 'shaft, pole' (*n̥ĝh-su-)ö common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš- > š- : Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z- phonetic mutation
References: WP. II 326 f., Trautmann 200.
Page(s): 760
Root / lemma: neid-1
English meaning: to scold, put to shame
German meaning: 'heruntermachen, schmöhen'
Material: Old Indian níndati, Pass. nidyá-tē 'vilify, scold, rebuke, reproach, despise', ánēdya- 'not to vilify, scold', níd-, nid́ā, nidā́, nindā́ 'Schmöhung, reprimand, disdain, contempt'; av. naēd- (nāismī) 'vilify, scold'; arm. anicanem, Aor. 3. Sg. anēc 'fluche' (*oneid-s-et);
gr. ὄνειδος 'Vorwurf, disgrace, shame', ὀνειδίζω 'schmöhe' (o-prefix 'be-schimpfe', as also arm. anicanem); got. ga-naitjan 'vilify, scold', naiteins 'Lösterung', ahd. neizzen 'torment, smite, plague', ags. nǣtan ds.; lit. níedėti, lett. nîst 'despise', naîds, naîdus 'hate, enmity'.
References: WP. II 322 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 130, Trautmann 193;
See also: probably to nei- S. 312 f.
Page(s): 760
Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid-
English meaning: to flow, stream
German meaning: 'fließen, strömen'
Note:
Root / lemma: ned-2 : 'to sound, roar, etc…' : Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid- : 'to flow, stream' derived from Root / lemma: neigʷ- : 'to wash'.
Material: Old Indian nēdati 'flows, streams'; gall. FlN Nida 'Nidda' and 'Nied', brit. FlN Nida, cymr. Nedd 'Neath'; full grade poln. FlN Nida, lit. FlN Niedà, Old Prussian FlN Nyda 'Neide'.
References: J. Löwenthal ZONF. 6, 81, Krahe BzNF. 1, 248 ff.
Page(s): 761
Root / lemma: neigʷ-
English meaning: to wash
German meaning: 'waschen'
Grammatical information: Pass. participle nigʷ-to-
Material: Old Indian nḗnēkti 'wascht, purifies, cleans', Aor. anāikšīt, Pass. nijyatē, participle niktá-, ninikta Imper. 'waschet', Kaus. nējáyati; Aor. naēnižaiti Intens. 'wöscht ab, swills weg'; gr. νίζω (*nigʷi̯ō = ir. nigim) 'wash', Fut. νίψω, Aor. ἔνιψα, νίπτρον 'Waschwasser', χέρ-νιψ ds., ἄ-νιπτος 'ungewaschen' (= Old Indian niktá-, ir. necht); gr. ἀνιγρός 'ἀκάθαρτος'; lat. noegeum (*noigʷ-i̯o-) 'Schweißtuch'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : ĝh- > ž- : gr. ĝh- > z- phonetic mutation
air. nigid 'wöscht' (*nigʷi̯eti, loss the Labialisieruug before i̯), Fut. -ninus = Old Indian (Gramm.) ninikṣati; necht 'pure'; mcymr. enneint 'spa, bath' (*an-nig-antio-; das g from dem present figurative);
germ. *nikwes, -us- in aisl. nykr (Gen. nyks) 'Wassergeist, Flußpferd', ags. nicor 'Wasseruntier, Krokodil', ahd. nihhus, nichus 'Flußuntier, Wassergeist', nhd. Nix, ahd. nichussa 'female Wassergeist, Nixe', mndl. nicker, mnd. necker 'Wassergeist'.
References: WP. II 322, Thurneysen Gr. 115; different Vendryes RC. 47, 442 ff.
Page(s): 761
Root / lemma: neik-
English meaning: to winnow grain
German meaning: 'Getreide schwingen'
Material: Gr. λικμάω 'handhabe die Getreideschwinge', λικμητήρ 'the das corn schwingt', λικμός, λίκνον 'Getreideschwinge', diss. from *νικμός, *νίκνον, compare νεῖκλον, νίκλον, νικᾳ λικμᾳ Hes., as also ἰκμᾶν λικμᾶν Hes. (or haplology behind ανᾱ ἀνικμώμεθα); mir. cruth-necht 'roter wheat', cymr. nithio, bret. niza 'winnow, fan' (also probably cymr. gwenith, bret. gwiniz, corn. gwaneth 'wheat'); lit. niekóti, lett. niekât ' corn, grain through Schwingen clean'; besides lit. liekúoti ds., lett. liekša 'winnowing shovel'; das balt. l- lößt sich not through dissimilation define.
References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 195 f.; J. Loth RC. 40, 352 f.; 41, 193 ff.
Page(s): 761
Root / lemma: nei-1, neiǝ- : nī-
English meaning: to lead
German meaning: 'föhren'
Material: Old Indian náyati (participle nītá-), av. nayeiti 'leads', mpers. nītan 'guide, lead, drive, push', Old Indian nīthā f. 'direction, way', nītho, netā 'guide, leader', nḗtar-, nētár- m. ds., nētrá- n. 'direction, eye'; mir. nē, nīa 'warrior, Held' (*neit-s), Gen. Sg. urir. nētas, air. nīath (*nei-t-os; s. also nei-2); hitt. nāi- 'lenken, guide, lead'.
References: WP. II 321, Pedersen Hitt. p. 77 f., 81, Frisk Suffixales -th- 5 f.
Page(s): 760
Root / lemma: nei-2, neiǝ- : nī-
English meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine
German meaning: 'lebhaft bewegt sein, erregt sein, glönzen'
Material: Lat. niteō, -ēre 'gleams, strahle', nitidus 'gleaming', nitor 'radiance' (from a participle *ni-tó-); perhaps re-nīdeō 'erglönzen' (with prösensbildendem -d(h)-); *nei-bho- in mir. nīab 'vitality', cymr. nwyf ds.; noi-bho- in Old pers. naiba-, npers. nēw 'beautiful, good', air. noīb 'holy'; *nei-mā in mir. nīam ' radiance, beauty'; *nei-ko- in mir. nīach m. 'Held', nīachus m. 'Tapferkeit'; *nei-to- in cymr. nwyd 'ferventness, passion', hispan. Kriegsgott Nētō; air. PN Nīall (Gen.Nēill) from *neit-s-lo-s; placed perhaps also in air. nīa 'Held' (see nei-1); germ. *nīÞa- in got. neiÞ n. 'envy', ags. nīð m. 'fight, struggle, hate, enmity', as. afries. nīth 'eagerness, hate, envy', aisl. nīð 'derision, ridicule, disgrace, shame'; could also to air. nīth n. (idg. *nītu-) 'fight, struggle' belong; dubious Old Indian nīla- 'bluish black', nayanā̆- n. f. 'eye', nētra- n. ds.
References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff.
Page(s): 760
Root / lemma: nei-3, ni-
See also: see above S. 312 f. (en-).
Page(s): 760
Root / lemma: nek̂-
English meaning: death, dying; dead person
German meaning: 'leibliche Todesvernichtung'
Material: Old Indian naśyati, naśati 'geht verloren, verschwindet, vergeht', nāśáyati 'makes disappear, richtet zugrunde' (lengthened grade compared with lat. noceō), av. nasyeiti 'verschwindet', participle Old Indian naṣṭá- 'verlorengegangen', av. našta- ds. (= lat. ē-nectus), nasišta- 'verderblichst', nas- f. 'need, misfortune' (= lat. nex, gr. νέκ-ταρ, νέκες; Old Indian -naś Adj.), nasu- 'corpse, carrion' (= gr. νέκῡς, lat. nequ-ālia; compare *n̥k̂u- in air. éc etc.), lengthened grade Old Indian nāśa- m. 'das Zunichtewerden'; gr. νέκες νεκροί Hes. (therefrom νεκάς 'heap Leichen', example δεκάς), νέκῡς, νεκρός 'corpse', νω̃καρ n. 'sluggishness, Todesschlaf'; about νένταρ 'Göttertrank' s. Kretschmer Anz. Österr. Akad. 1947, Nr. 4 (to toch. В ñökt 'god'ö) and Thieme Studien 5 ff. ('about den Tod hinwegrettend'ö); lat. nex, necis f. 'death, murder', therefrom dēnicāles fēriae 'de nece purgantes', necō, -āre 'slay', ē-nectus 'erschöpft', whereof ēnectāre 'umbringen, torment, smite'; perniciēs 'ruin, Untergang', interneciēs, -necium ds.; noceō 'schade', s-Konj. noxit; noxa f. 'damage, punishment, blame'; nequālia 'dētrīmenta' (due to of stem nek̂u-); air. ēc, bret. ankou, corn. ancow, cymr. angeu 'death' (*n̥k̂u-); bret. (Vannes) negein 'slay', aisl. Nagl-far 'Totenschiff'; toch. A nök- 'vergehen', В 'destroy', Med. 'vergehen'; about lat. necesse see under sed-.
References: WP. II 326, WH. I 153 ff.;
See also: s. also ank-1 above S. 45.
Page(s): 762
Root / lemma: nekʷ-(t-), nokʷ-t-s
English meaning: night
German meaning: 'Nacht'
Grammatical information: stem nokʷt- f. (originally neutr.öö), nokʷti-, nokʷtu- f., nokʷt(e)r n.
Note: about Ablautformen see under
Root / lemma: nekʷ-(t-), nokʷ-t-s : night' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ongʷ- : to anoint, dark ointment' : Old Indian aktā́- [f] 'night' (RV 01.062.08) {2}; aktú- [m] 'flowing; ointment; (light or dark) color; (final part of the) night' (RV+) {3}.
Material: Old Indian nák (*nákt) Nom. 'night' (nag jihītē), naktā f. Du., naktam Adv. solidified Akk. 'nachts', Instr. Pl. naktábhiḥ ds. (imitation from áhabhiḥ), Akk. Pl. náktīḥ 'Nöchte';
gr. νύξ, νῡκτός f. 'night', in compound νυκτι-, νυκτο-, νύκτωρ Adv. 'nachts' (*Akk. shaped as ὕδωρ), νυκτερός, νυκτερινός 'nöchtlich' (: lat. nocturnus); unclear are νύχα νύκτωρ Hes., hom. εἰνάνυχες 'neun Nöchte hindurch', ἔννυχος 'nöchtlich', παννύχιος 'die ganze night lasting', αὐτονυχί 'in the same night';
alb. natë 'night';
Note:
Clearly alb. geg. notë, tosk. natë, net Pl. 'night' derived from aisl. nōtt, nātt 'night'.
lat. nox, noctis 'night' (Gen. Pl. noctium i-stem, but distinct conservative stem in Adv. nox 'nachts' from Gen. *nokt-es, -os); nocturnus 'nöchtlich' (: νυκτερινός, νύκτωρ); of stem *noktu-: lat.noctū 'by night', noctua 'Nachteule';
air. i-nnocht 'hac nocte', mcymr. peu-noeth 'jede night', trannoeth 'am consecutive Tage', acymr. henoid, cymr. he-no 'hac nocte', corn. haneth, mbret. henoz ds.; cymr. corn. nos, bret. noz 'night', probably from *nokt-s u- cymr. neithiwyr, neithwyr (contains hwyr 'evening') 'last night', corn. nehues mbret. neyzor, nbr. neizeur ds.;
got. nahts (Dat. Pl. nahtam after dagam), aisl. nōtt, nātt, ahd. as. naht, ags. neaht, niht 'night' (conservative stem), ags. nihterne 'nöchtlich';
lit. naktìs (conservative Gen. Pl. naktū), lett. nakts, Old Prussian naktin (Akk. Sg.) 'night', nak(t)v-ýnė 'Nachtherberge', nak(t)vóti 'öbernachten', nãkvinas 'zur night herbergend', abg. noštь 'night', russ. netopýŕ 'Nachtschmetterling, Fledermaus';
hitt. neku- 'dömmern'; Gen. ne-ku-uz (nekuz) 'night'; toch. A n[a]ktim 'nöchtlich', В nekciye 'abends';
zero grade: Old Indian aktā́ 'night' (perhaps n-stem), aktú- m. 'darkness, night, light, ray' (actually 'dawn, twilight'), compare in latter meaning got. ūhtwō (: lat. noctū etc.), aisl. ōtta, ahd.ūhta (uohta), mhd. ūhte (uohte), as. ūtha f., ags. ūth(a) m. 'fröhe Morgenzeit', got. ūhteigs 'zeitig';
eine other ablaut grade *onkʷt- seems lit. ankstì 'fröhe', ìš añksto 'from fröh an', ankstùs Adj. 'early, matutinal', Old Prussian angstainai, angsteina Adv. 'fröhmorgens'.
References: WP. II 337 ff., WH. II 181 ff., Trautmann 9, 193, Specht Idg. Dekl. 11.
Page(s): 762-763
Root / lemma: nĕ1, nē, nei
English meaning: negative particle
German meaning: Satznegation der reinen Verneigung
Note: (ne einzelsprachlich also Wortnegation geworden)
Material: nĕ: Old Indian ná 'not', néd (náid) ds., av. ap. na- 'not', av. nōit̃ (= Old Indian néd), Old Indian ná-vā = av. na-va 'or not' (compare lat. nē-ve, and genauer air. nō see under); Old Indian naca 'and not' (= lat. neque etc.); = alb. nuk 'or not'
about ne- in Arm. (nuaɫ 'languissant' from *ne-val-, etc.) s. Dumézil BSL. 40, 48 f.;
gr. νε- only (as replacement from n̥-) before verbalen, then also other Adj. with dem anlaut ā̆, ē̆, ō̆, with denen es contracted is, e.g. νήκεστος, νηλεής, νώνυμ(ν)ος (thereafter secondary νη- in νήποινος 'ungeröcht', dor. νά̄ποινος, etc.);
lat. nĕ- in ne-fās, ne-sciō (ne-sciens, ne-scius), ne-cesse, ne-uter, n'unquam, nusquam, nūllus, nōn (*n'oin[om], compare ahd. nhd. nein), ne-que 'not; and not, nor; rarely not even' (= osk. nep, got. nih, air. na[ch] 'not', Old Indian na-ca), osk ne 'non, nē'; compare also lat. neg[āre, -ōtium] above S. 418; lat. neu, nē-ve, old neive, nīve 'or not';
air. ne-ch 'aliquis', cymr. nep 'quispiam' (= Old Indian nakis 'niemand', but with Abstreifung of negativen Sinnes in Sötzen with wiederholter, but einander nicht aufhebender negation; the same Vorgang in lit. nė̃kas 'irgend somewhat', nekurìs 'a certain, a kind of, as one might say', etc.; similarly gelangte ne-u̯e 'or not' zur positive meaning 'or' in:) air. nō̆, nū̆, cymr. neu, abret. nou 'or', also verbal Stötzpartikeln (for pronoun infixa and das relative -n-) air. no-, nu-, mcymr. neu- as originally formelhaft prefixed 'or notö': proklitisches *ne ergab *na (as e.g. ir. ass- 'ex') in Vorton in the connection air. na[ch], mcymr. nac (etc.) 'not' from ne-kʷe with proto kelt. Apokope (ö) of auslaut -e;
got. ni, ahd. as. ni, ne, ags. ne 'not'; aisl. nē̆ in the only poet. meaning 'non', during nē in the meaning 'neque' = got. nih (equal meaning with ni geworden) from *ne-kʷe = ahd. nih-ein, as. (with gramm. variation) nig-ēn 'not' (but as. nec 'and not' = lat. neg-, see above S. 418); ahd. Konjunktion noh 'yet' from *neh (*ne-kʷe) or from ne + ahd. ouch 'also'; ahd. nein, as. nēn 'no' from *ne + oinom 'nicht einer' (see above lat. nōn, nūllus); ags. nā 'nie, not, no', engl. nō 'no' (also aisl. nei 'no' from *ni + aiw = as. ahd. nio 'nie');
maybe alb. (*nio) jo 'no'
Old Prussian ni, lit. ne 'not', nė̃kas, nekurìs (see above); Old Church Slavic ne 'not';
maybe alb. *(*ne-kʷe), nuk 'not' = lat. ne-que 'not; and not, nor; rarely not even' a compound of Root / lemma: nĕ1, nē, nei : negative particle + Root / lemma: kʷe 1 : and (encl.)
Note: Germanic and Baltic cognates could be of proto illyr. origin.
hitt. natta 'not', nāwi 'noch nicht'.
nē: Old Indian (ved.) nā 'not'; lat. nē 'not' in nē-quidem, nēquāquam, nēquīquam, nēquam, gekörzt probably in nĕutiquam (but né-uter with old *nĕ, see above), nē Konj. 'daß nicht', osk. ni 'ne' (ni-p 'nēve'), marruc. ni 'nē'; air. nī̆, mcymr. ny, ncymr. ni, corn. ny, bret. ne 'not' (partly with secondary abridgement); air. nī 'is not' is das gewöhnliche nī with ausgelassener copula;
got. nē 'no'.
nei accentuated 'not': av. naē-čiš 'keiner', adv. naēčiš intensified negation; lat. nī, altlat.nei Adv. and Konj. 1. older 'not, daß nicht', 2. 'si non', quid-nī; osk. nei 'not' (nei-p 'neque'); got. nei (ἅπ.λεγ.) 'not', aisl. nī 'no', ahd. nī emphatisches 'not'; lit. niẽ-kas 'niemand', neĩ 'also not, nicht einmal'; Old Church Slavic ni 'neque', ni-kъto 'niemand'; die germ. forms perhaps but = Old Indian nēd 'absolutely not, with it nicht', av. nōit, ap. nay from idg. *ne id 'das nicht'; perhaps is idg. nei from *ne + ī (compare οὑτοσ-ί:) to deuten.
n̥- Verneinungspartikel as erstes part: Old Indian av. ap. a-, before Vokalen (also i̯, u̯) an-; gr.ἀ-, before vowel ἀν-; lat. in-, oldest en- (die vorkonsonantische form); osk. umbr. an-; air. in- (before Med.), ē- (before Tenuis), an- (before vowel), cymr. corn. bret. an-; got. ahd. as. un-, aisl. ō-, ū-; in Bsl. absolutely through ne- verdröngt; about Church Slavic ne-ję-věrъ 'unglöubig', ne-ję-sytь 'unersöttlich = Pelikan' s. Berneker 429; toch. AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on-; through mehrereSprachen durchgehende equivalent are e.g.: Old Indian amŕ̥ta-, ἄμβροτος, immortālis; Old Indian ájñāta-, ἄγνωτος, arm. ancanaut', ignōtus, air. ingnad, got. unkunÞs; Old Indian anudrá-, ἄνυδρος, etc.
References: WP. II 319 f., WH. II 150 f., 152, 165 f., Trautmann 194 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 431 f., 2, 590 ff.
Page(s): 756-758
Root / lemma: ne-3, nō-, Plur. nē̆s-, nŏs-
English meaning: we
German meaning: 'wir'
Note: (originally out of Nominativs; Nom. see under *u̯e)
Material: 1. Old Indian Du. Akk. Dat. Gen. nāu, gthav. Gen. nā, Old Church Slavic nā, gr. νώ, hom. νῶι from *νω-Fι (dessen 2. part the Nominativst. *u̯e-, *u̯i- is); air. nā(tha)r Gen., got. ugkis, as. unc, anord. okkr 'uns both(n)' (unc = *n̥-ge, compare mik from *me-ge).
2. Pluralisch: Old Indian naḥ enklit., av. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō, lat. nōs, alb. na Nom. (*nŏs), ne Gen. Dat. Akk. (*nōs); ir. ni etc. (seems *s-nēs), Gen. ar n- (*n̥s-rō-m), cymr. corn. bret. ni, ny 'wir' (*nēs), got. ahd. uns, as. ūs, anord. oss 'uns' (*n̥s), Old Church Slavic nasъ Gen. (*nōs-sōm), Old Prussian nōuson (also);
auf *n̥sme (probably n̥s + particle *sm-, related with dem -sm- the Pron.-Dekl., e.g. Old Indian tá-sm-āt) based on av. ahma (Old Indian asmān, ap. Gen. amāxam) = öol. ἄμμ-, dor. ἁ̄μ-, ion.-att. ἡμ-; Poss. lesb. ἄμμος, dor. ἁ̄μός = av. ahma-, ion.-att. ἡμέτερος) etc.; hitt. Dat. Akk. anzāš, enkl. naš 'uns'.
References: WP. II 320 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 600 f.
Page(s): 758
Root / lemma: nem-1
English meaning: to take; to put in order, count
German meaning: 'zuteilen, nehmen' (von the Vorstellung der hingestreckten Hand); von 'zuteilen' from 'anordnen, rechnen, zöhlen (Geldwesen)'
Material: Av. nǝmah- n. 'Darlehen';
gr. νέμω 'divide from, lasse weiden'; later 'beherrsche', Med. 'teile mir to, devour, weide', Herod. ἀνα-νέμεσθαι 'allot, aufrechnen', νομή 'distribution; Weideplatz', νομάς, -άδος 'weidend, after willow wandering', νομεύς 'herdsman, shepherd; Verteiler', νομός 'willow, Wohnsitz', νόμος 'alignment, order', νομίζω 'see, observe as geltend an', νόμισμα 'custom, custom, Einrichtung, gebröuchliche Geldwöhrung'; lengthened grade νωμάω 'divide to'; νέμεσις 'Unwille, göttliche revenge, vengeance' (*νεμετις, eig. 'das Zurechnen'), νεμεσ(σ)άω, -άομαι, -ίζομαι 'be angry with, rebuke, reproach', νεμέτωρ 'Röcher'; alb. namë, nëme 'curse, oath, malediction, imprecation', formal = νόμος; nëmës 'the Fluchende, Gotteslösterer'; here also air. nāmae, Gen. nāmait 'fiend'ö
Daß νέμος n. 'Weideplatz' here gehöre, is not ganz certainly; see under nem-2;
lat. numerus 'number' (*nomes-o-), nummus 'Geld, Mönze' (from gr. νόμιμος 'gesetzmößig, ordinary');
air. nem f., mir. neim 'Gift' (compare nhd. Gift : geben 'give');
got. as. ags. niman, ahd. nëman, aisl. nëma 'take';
maybe alb. causative nem 'give'
lengthened grade got. anda-nēm n. 'Empfang', ahd. nāma 'gewaltsames Nehmen, robbery'; ags. nām f. 'the griping' from aisl. nām m. 'das Nehmen, Lernen'; got. anda-nēms 'pleasant', ahd. nāmi 'genehm'; lett. n̨emt (contaminated from nemt undjemt) 'nehmen'; lit. nãmas, mostly Pl. namaĩ 'dwelling, house', lett. nams m. 'house'; ablaut. lit. dial. numaĩ 'namaĩ' (*nom-); lit. núoma, lett. nuõma, 'interest, rental' (vowel gradation as gr. νωμάω).
References: WP. II 330 f., WH. II 158 f., Trautmann 193, 201, E. Laroche, La racine νεμ-; E. Benveniste BSL. 32, 79 ff.
Page(s): 763-764
Root / lemma: nem-2
English meaning: to bend
German meaning: 'biegen'
Material: Old Indian námas- n. = av. nǝmah- n. 'bowing, bending = worship, veneration, Huldigung', Old Indian námati 'beugt sich, neigt sich, beugt, bends' (Kaus. nāmayati), av. nǝmaiti 'beugt sich (weg)' (nāmaiti, Kaus. nāmayeiti), with apa-, frā- 'escape, flee'; participle Old Indian natá- 'bent, curved';
gr. νέμος n. 'Weideplatz' = lat. nemus, -oris 'Hain', etc.; gall. νεμητον 'sacred Hain', PN Nemeto-brigā, VN Nemetes, air. nemed 'Heiligtum', then 'Privileg, privilegierte person'; asöchs. nimidas 'sacra silvārum'; lit. FlN Nẽmunas 'Niemen' (= 'sumpfiger stream'), nẽmuogė 'Heidelbeere'; gall. nanto 'valle', trinanto 'drei Töler', VN Nantuates, cymr. nant 'valley, stream, brook' (*nṃ-tu-, compare participle Old Indian natá- from nm̥tó-); savoy. nã 'stream, brook'; perhaps here air. nem 'sky, heaven'; different above S. 315.
References: WP. II 331 f., WH. II 158 f., E. Frönkel REIE. 1, 405 ff.
Page(s): 764
Root / lemma: nepōt- (*nepotis)
English meaning: uncle; nephew, *descendant
German meaning: 'Enkel; Neffe'
Grammatical information: fem. neptī-
Material: Old Indian nápāt (secondary náptr̥-) 'grandson, descendant', av. napāt-, naptar-, ар. napāt- ds., Old Indian apām napāt, av. apąm napå- n. name of a divinity ('primeval offspring of the waters'); hom. νέποδες (δηοη) 'young ones, children' from a N. Sg. *νέπωτς; perhaps here lemnisch-tyrsenisch ναφοθ 'offspring, descendant, son' (Kretschmer, Glotta 28, 266); alb. nip 'grandson, nephew'; lat. nepōs, -tis 'grandchild, grandson', later also 'nephew'; altlit. nepotis, nepuotis 'grandchild, grandson'; ahd. nevo 'nephew, kinsman, relative', ags. nefa 'grandchild, grandson, nephew', aisl. nefe 'nephew, kinsman, relative' (*nepōts); mir. nïæ, Gen. nïath 'sister's son' (for the form in the end Pokorny ZfceltPh. 10, 405 f.), cymr. nei, nai ds., corn. noi 'grandchild, grandson', mbret. ni 'nephew'.
Fem. Old Indian naptī́- 'granddaughter, female descendant', av. naptī- 'granddaughter';
lat. neptis (for -ti(s) after the ĭ-stem) 'granddaughter', later 'niece'; air. necht, cymr. abret. nith, mbret. niz, corn. noith 'niece'; ahd. nift 'neptis, privigna', nhd. (actually nd.) Nichte, anord. nipt 'sister's daughter, niece'; alit. neptė 'granddaughter'; russ.-Church Slavic nestera 'niece' (*nept-terā).
further formations *nepti̯o-: av. naptya- 'offspring, descendant'; alb. mbesë 'niece' from *nepōtiā;
Note:
Alb. geg. mesa, tosk. mbesa 'niece (sister's daughter)' derived from Hittite Luwian *ḫnosa- (a descendant); Luwian ḫnsa 'grandson' : Hittite ḫamša- hašša (a grandson) : Latvian māsas-meita 'niece (sister's daughter)' = Latvian māsa 'sister (: alb. motra, motër 'sister') + meita 'daughter'; alb. has lost the Anatolian old larygeal.
gr. ἀ-νεψιός 'brother's or sister's son' (*sm̥-neptii̯os); russ.-Church Slavic netijь 'nephew'.
Probably as 'Unmöndiger, Unselbstöndiger' to ne- and potis.
References: WP. II 329 f., WH. II 161 f., Trautmann 196.
Page(s): 764
Root / lemma: ner-1(t)-, aner- (ǝner-ö)
English meaning: vital energy; man
German meaning: 1. ('magische) Lebenskraft'; 2. 'Mann'
Material: Old Indian nár- (nā́) 'man, person', av. nar- (nā) ds. (Old Indian nara-ḥ, av. nara- after Akk. náram, narǝm neologism); Old Indian nárī, av. nāirī 'wife, woman' (previously ar. feminine formation); Old Indian nárya-, av. nairya- 'manly, virile': probably also Old Indian sūnára- 'voll from vitality, jugendlich', av. hunara- m. 'Wundermacht', Old Indian nr̥tú- m. 'Held', sūnŕ̥tā ' vitality' (su- bietet also das Kelt.: air. so-nirt, cymr. hy-nerth 'valiant, strong'); osset.-kaukas VN Nart- (iran. *nar-ϑra-);
arm. air, Gen. aṙn 'man, person' (z. Lautlichen s. Meillet Esquisse2 83), aru 'virile', whereof arvest, arhest 'Kunst'; neuphryg. αναρ 'man'; luw. annar ds.;
gr. νωρεῖ ἐνεργεῖ Hes. (: lit. nóras, see under), ἀνήρ, -έρα, ἀνδρός 'man', ἠνορέη 'Mannhaftigkeit' (Hom.; ἠ- metr. lengthening), ἀνδρεῖος 'manly, gamy', εὐ-ήνωρ 'rich an vitality', ἀγ-ήνωρ 'gamy', δρ-ώψ ἄνθρωπος (*νρ-ωψ 'Mannesantlitz habend'); about ἄνθρωπος 'person' (*ἄνδρ-ωπος with secondary Aspiration [ö]) s. Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 4264;
alb. njer 'man, person';
Note:
Probably alb. cognate njeriu 'man' derived from sabin. Nerius because of solidified alb. Pl. njerëz 'men, people', njerëzim 'humanity' where -os, - us ending has been solidified.
lat. neriōsus 'resistens, fortis', Neriō, -iēnis 'eine with Mars in Kultverbindung stehende goddess' ('*die Starke'), Nerō, Sabine = 'fortis ac strenuus' (Schulze Eigenn. 315, 363, 485; sabin. Nerius stimmt to Old Indian nárya-), osk. Gen. Pl. nerum 'vir, procer', umbr. nerf Akk. Pl. 'proceres, principes';
cymr. ner 'Held', air. ner 'boar' (also PN), gall. GN Nerios, air. nert (*ner-to-), cymr. corn. nerth 'Mannhaftigkeit, Heer', bret. nerz 'power', gall. Nerto-briga, Esu-nertus etc., air. nertaim 'I störke', cymr. nerthu 'störken, support', bret. nerza 'festigen'; air. nār (*nōro-) 'edel, großherzig', gall. GN Nāria f.; about air. nār 'bescheiden' s. S. 754;
agerm. Nerthus, eine goddess, aisl. Njǫrðr m. Göttername; lit. nóras m. 'volition', nóriu, norė́ti 'wollen', Old Prussian PN Nor-mans, ablaut. Ner-man; lit. nértėti, ablaut. nartìnti 'be angry with', į-nir̃tęs 'ergrimmt', nar̃tsas m. (*nar̃-sa-s) 'boldness, rage, fury', narsùs 'fierce, grim'; Old Prussian nertien Akk. 'rage, fury', er-nertimai 'wir enrage'; slav. *norvъ m. in Old Church Slavic nravъ 'custom', etc.;
gr. hom. νῶροψ χαλκός after Kretschmer Gl. 32, 3 ff. 'Erz from Noricum', also not here; after Kuiper 'voll from vitality'.
References: WP. II 332 f., WH. II 164 f., Trautmann 197 f., Kuiper Meded. Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. van Wetensch., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 14, No. 5.
Page(s): 765
Root / lemma: ner-2
English meaning: under
German meaning: 'under'
Material: Gr. νέρτερος 'unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer' (through hybridization with ἔνεροι 'die Unterirdischen', s. S. 312 *en 'in', also ἐνέρτερος); νέρθε(ν) (and again ἔνερθε(ν), dor. öol. ἔνερθα) 'from under'; νειρός 'the Unterste' (*neri̯o-); osk. nertrak 'a sinistra', umbr. nertru 'sinistro' (= νέρτερος); zero grade aisl. norðr n. 'Norden', ags. norðerra 'more nördlich', ahd. nordrōni 'nördlich'(Norden is by the Richtung of Betenden after Osten = links);
possible kinship from n-er- with *nḫei- 'low, base' (see 312).
Maybe alb. geg. nër, alb. ndër 'under' [common alb. n > nd shift]
References: WP. II 333 f.
Page(s): 765-766
Root / lemma: ner-3
English meaning: to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
German meaning: 'eindringen, untertauchen, Versteck, Höhle'
Material: Gesichert only for the Balt.-Slav.: lit. neriù, nérti '(under)tauchen, durchschwimmen, flee, einschlöpfen', nerìs m. 'beaver', nãras m. 'Taucherente', narvà 'cell the Bienenkönigin', lett. nìrt, nirdât 'submerge'; Old Church Slavic nьrǫ, nrěti 'penetrate', sloven. po-ndrẹ́ti 'submerge', klr. po-nerty 'dive', Old Church Slavic nora 'φωλεός, latibulum', russ. norá 'hole, cave, pit, pothole', aruss. po-norovъ 'Erdwurm', serb. nòrac 'aquanaut'; auf a zero grade *nъr- (*nor- to idg. *nor-) based on slav. nyr-, nur- in russ.-Old Church Slavic nyrjati, 'se immergere', nura 'janua' (etc.); here probably die FlN Old Prussian Narus, lit. Nar̃-upe, illyr. Νάρων 'Narenta' = schott.-gael. Abhainn Narunn 'Nairn'; lit. Nerìs, Nerỹs, Neretà, Old Prussian Neria 'Nehrung', russ. Neretva (to Bug).
References: WP. II 334, Trautmann 196 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 3 f., 45;
See also: perhaps to ner-2.
Page(s): 766
Root / lemma: nes-
English meaning: to join with; to conceal oneself
German meaning: 'sich vereinigen, geborgen sein'
Material: Old Indian násatē 'gesellt sich to, combined sich with jemand', redupl. not thematic níṁsatē 3. Pl. 'sie beröhren nahe with dem body, kiss' (*ni-ns-atē), participle níṁs-āna- (old Deponentien); GN Nā́satyau m. Dual. 'die beiden Nothelfer', urind. Našattia, av. Nā̊ŋhaiϑya-, compare H. Göntert, Weltkönig 259;
zero grade Old Indian ásta-, av. asta- n. 'homeland, domicile'; gr. νέομαι, ion. νεῦμαι 'come lucky an, kehre heim', Νέστωρ eig. 'the always Wiederkehrende', νόστος m. 'Heimkehr', redupl. ep. νί̄σομαι 'νέομαι' (*νι-νσ-ομαι with preservation of -σ- after unthematic forms as 2. 3. Sg. *νι-νσ-σαι, -ται); reduced grade ναίω, Fut. νάσσομαι 'stay, dwell, bewohne', ναιετάω 'stay, dwell, bewohne; bewohnt sein'; *νασ-Fός: dor. thess. νᾱός, lak. νᾱFος, lesb. ναῦος (i.e. νάFFος), ion. νηός, att. νεώς m. '(Götterwohnung =) temple, Heiligtum'; zero grade ἄσμενος 'gerettet, geborgen'; alb. knelem 'recover, be living again' (prefix k- + *nes-lo-); got. ga-nisan 'gerettet become, recover, recuperate', ahd. as. gi-nesan ds., ags. ge-nesan 'gerettet become, entkommen, öberleben', got. ga-nists, ahd. as. gi-nist 'Genesung, salvation'; Kaus. got. nasjan 'fit, healthy make', ahd. nerian, nerren 'retten, heal, cure, nöhren', as. nerian, ags. nerian 'retten, shield' (besides with ē, ō: aisl. nǣra and nø̄ra 'beleben, erfrischen, nöhren', schwed. dial. nöra 'fire anmachen'); aisl. aldr-nari m. '(life preserver =) fire', as. līf-nara f. 'nourishment, food', ags. neru f. 'Rettung, nourishment, food', ahd. nerī, nara f. 'Rettung, nourishment, food'; latter meaning also in ahd. wega-nest, -nist n. 'trip food', ags. nest n. 'nourishment, food', aisl. nest n. 'viaticum, nourishment, food'; toch. A nas-, В nes- 'sein'; A naṣu- 'friend'.
References: WP. II 334 f., M. Leumann Homer. Wörter, 191 ff.
Page(s): 766-767
Root / lemma: neu-dh-
English meaning: to yearn for smth.
German meaning: 'begehren, gelösten'
Material: Ahd. niot 'eagerness', mhd. nietlīche 'with desire, with eagerness', nhd. niedlich, as. niud m. 'desire, Begier', ags. nīed, nēod f. 'wish, Sehnsucht, eagerness'; got. PN Neudis (*Niudeis); lit. pa-nústu, -núdau, -nústi 'whereupon Gelöste have, sich whereupon sehnen'.
References: WP. II 326.
Page(s): 768
Root / lemma: neu-d-
English meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.
German meaning: 'Erstrebtes ergreifen, in Nutzung nehmen'
Material: Got. niutan 'τυχεῖν, reach', ga-niutan 'gripe, catch', nuta 'Fönger, fisherman', aisl. njōta 'benutzen, genießen', ahd. niozan 'somewhat an sich nehmen, benutzen, genießen', as. niotan, ags. nēotan ds.; got. un-nuts 'unnötz', ahd. nuzzi, as. nutti, ags. nytt 'wherefore nötze' (zero grade aisl. nȳtr); ags. nyttian 'need, lack, genießen', ahd. nuzzen, nuzzōn, nhd. nötzen, nutzen; aisl. nyt f. 'benefit, milk' (nytja 'milk'), ags. nytt f., mnd. nutte, nut 'benefit', ahd. nuz, -zzes m. 'Nutz', ags. notu f. 'yield'; aisl. naut n. 'Stöck Vieh', nautr m. 'valuable possession', ags. nēat n. 'Stöck Rindvieh, animal', ahd. nōz m. '(Nutz)vieh', as. notil n. 'small cattle' (Church Slavic nuta 'Vieh' from dem Germ.); ahd. ganōz, -o 'comrade', as. genōt, ags. genēat, aisl. nautr ds.;
lit. naudà 'benefit, profit, gain, property', naũdyti 'lust, crave', lett. nàûda 'Geld';
perhaps air. Nuado, Gen. Nuadat GN, cymr. Nudd GN, abrit.-lat. Dat. Nōdonti, Nōdenti GN (participle *neudont-s, -os), actually 'Angler, fisherman' after Vendryes RC. 39, 384.
References: WP. II 325 f., Trautmann 194, Feist 3379;
See also: to consecutive (neu-dh-)
Page(s): 768
Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s-
English meaning: to sniff, smell
German meaning: 'wittern, schnöffeln', from which 'aufspören, auskundschaften'
Material: Got. bi-niuhsian 'auskundschaften', niuhseins 'Heimsuchung', perhaps to aisl. nȳsa 'wittern, snuffle, sniff, peer', njōsn f. 'tidings, Suche', ahd. niusen 'versuchen' (to alteration from -hs- to -s- s. Sverdrup IF. 35, 149), etc.;
neus- in: ags. nēosian, nīosan, as. niusian, niusōn 'untersuchen, nachspören'; in addition ags. nosu, engl. nose, ndl. neus 'nose', norw. nosa 'wittern', nūs 'smell, odor, Witterung', nuska 'suchen', nhd. nöschen 'with the Schnauze wöhlen', engl. nuzzle, ndl. neuzelen 'snuffle, sniff', mnd. noster(en), nöster(en) 'Nöster'; russ. njúchatь 'snuffle, sniff, smell', serb. njušiti 'snuffle, sniff'.
Maybe alb. (*njúchatь) nuhat, nuhas 'snuffle, sniff, smell', through metathesis derived alb. geg. (*nuhas) huna, tosk. hunda 'nose' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation]
Clearly Root / lemma: nas- : 'nose' derived from Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s- : 'to sniff, smell' while both nas- : 'nose', neu-ks-, neu-s- : 'to sniff, smell' are zero grade of Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 : 'to breathe'
References: WP. II 325, Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.; probably to 2. sneu-, see there.
Page(s): 768-769
Root / lemma: neuk-
English meaning: dark, indistinct
German meaning: 'dunkel, undeutlich, von Gesichts- and Gehörseindröcken'ö
Material: Lat. nuscitiōsus 'qui propter oculorum vitium parum videret', next to which with l- (after lux, lūcēreö) luscus 'blinzelnd; blödsichtig; einöugig', luscīnus 'geblendet', lusciōsus, luscītiōsus 'nachtblind'; lit. niūksóti 'dark emporragen', niūkiù, niũkti 'din, drone, dull sound, clink', apsi-niáukti 'sich bewölken', lett. apn̨auktiês ds.
References: WP. II 324 f., WH. I 838 f.
Page(s): 768
Root / lemma: neu-1
English meaning: to call, to praise
German meaning: 'rufen, preisen'ö
Material: Old Indian navatē, nāuti 'sounds, jubelt, preist', air. nūall (*neu-slo-) n. 'scream, din, fuss, noise, proclamation'; perhaps lat. nūntium 'Botschaft' (*nou̯ention).
References: WP. II 323, WH. II 188 f.
Page(s): 767
Root / lemma: neu-2
English meaning: to make a push; to nod
German meaning: 'einen Ruck machen or Stoß geben', especially (europ.) 'nicken, winken'
Material: Old Indian návatē, nāuti 'wendet sich, bewegt sich', nāvayati 'wendet, kehrt', as d-present probably nudáti 'stößt fort, röckt'; gr. νεύω 'nicke, winke' (*νεύσω), νεῦμα 'Wink', νευστάζω 'nicke'; lat. nuō, -ere 'nicken, winken, sich neigen', nūtō, -āre 'sich hin and her neigen, waver, wobble', nūtus, -ūs 'das sich Neigen, Wink, command, order', nūmen 'Wink, volition, Geheiß, esp. göttliches' (*neu-men, or as *neu-smen = gr. νευμα from *νευσ-μα with here indeed wurzelhaftem σ); air. nóïd 'makes bekannt', *ate-no- 'entrust', verbal noun aithne 'depositum' = cymr. adnau ds.;
with formant. -r(o)- russ. (etc.) ponúryj (*neu-ro-) 'gesenkt (of Kopfe), niedergeschlagen (from den Augen)'; with the meaning 'stupfen' presumably gr. νυρεῖ νύσσει, νυρῶν νύσσων, ξύων Hes., and (ö) lit. niùrkyti 'press, squeeze';
with g- further formations: gr. νύσσω, att. νύττω 'prick, pricke', νύγω Hes., Pass. Perf. νένυγμαι, participle present νυγείς; with intensive intensification νυκχάζω νύσσω Hes., mnd. nuck(e) 'plötzlicher shove, Töcke', md. nucken 'einnicken', mhd. ent-nucken ds., perhaps also Old Church Slavic n(j)ukati 'ermuntern'.
References: WP. II 323 f., WH. 186, 189 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 7174.
Page(s): 767
Root / lemma: neu̯os, -i̯os
English meaning: new
German meaning: 'neu'
Material: Old Indian náva-, av. nava- 'neu', Kompar. navatara- (: gr. νεώτερος), gr. νέ(F)ος, lat. novus, osk. Núvlanúis 'Nōlānīs' (from *Núvelā = lat. Nōla), alit. navas, Old Prussian neuwenen certain Nom. Sg. n. (*nawanjan; Old Prussian nauns probably after jauns 'young'), abg. novъ 'neu'; -i̯o-form Old Indian návya-, ion. νεῖος, gall. Nevio-, Novio-dūnum ('Neuen-burg'), air. nūë, cymr. newydd, abret. nouuid, neuued, bret. neuez, got. niujis, aisl. nȳr, ahd. as. niuwi, ags. nīwe, nēowe, lit. naũjas 'neu'; toch. А ñu, В ñune ds., hitt. neu̯a- ds.; with -ro-forms gr. νε(F)αρός, arm. nor 'neu' (*nou̯ero-), lat. nover-ca 'Stiefmutter';
Maybe truncated alb. (*nou̯ero-) re (fem.), ri (masc.) 'new'.
gr. νεάω = lat. novāre 'erneuen' (therefrom novālis 'ein farmland, the zum ersten Male or after one-year-old Ruhe gepflögt wird'; forms as in aequālis, also 'junges Alter habend'); νεότης = lat. novitās 'Neuheit'; Feminina with ī- besides ā-suffix (see Specht Idg. Dekl.323 f.) lie consecutive formations the basic: lat. novīcius 'neu, Neuling'; russ. novíkъ 'Neuling'; gr. νέᾱξ 'young Kerl'; Church Slavic novakъ 'Neuling'; but νεᾱνίᾱς 'youngling' from νεFο-αν- 'young Atmender'; νεοχμός 'neu' see above S. 414.
References: WP. II 324, WH. II 181, Trautmann 194.
See also: Changing through ablaut nū̆ 'nun' see there; s. also *e-neu̯en 'nine'.
Page(s): 769
Root / lemma: nēik- : nīk- : nik-
English meaning: to attack; to fight, rail
German meaning: 'anfallen, losstörzen, heftig beginnen'
Material: Gr. νεῖκος n. 'quarrel, fight', νεικέω 'zanke, streite, schelte', perhaps also νί̄κη, dor. νῑκᾱ f. 'victory', νῑκάω 'siege'; kelt. (ö) FlN Nicros 'Neckar'; ags. ge-nǣstan 'quarrel'(*naihstianö); bsl. *ninkō 'begins violent' in lit. -ninkù, -nìkti ds., lett. nikns 'angry, irate', ablaut. naîks 'violent', lit. dial. neikom 'very', Old Prussian neikaut 'wandeln', slav. *niknǫ, *niknǫti in Old Church Slavic vъz-niknǫti 'again to sich come', russ.-Church Slavic niknuti 'hervorwachsen', etc.
References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 199, Kuiper Nasalprös. 186 f., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 213.
Page(s): 761
Root / lemma: nē-tr..., nǝ-tr...
English meaning: snake
German meaning: 'Schlange, Natter'
Material: Lat. natrix, -icis m. f. 'water snake, penis' = air. nathir, Gen. nathrach 'natrix, serpens'; cymr. neidr 'snake' (*natrī), Pl., nadroedd, corn. nader, mbr. azr, br. aer ds., abret. natrol-ion 'Basilisken' (Pl. eines Adj. 'sich auf die Schlange beziehend'); got. nadrē Gen. Pl., aisl. naðr m., naðra f. 'Natter'; with ē ags. nǣddre, as. nādra, ahd. nātara, nātra f. 'Natter' (*nē-trā).
References: WP. II 327 f., WH. II 147;
See also: probably as 'die sich Windende', zur root (s)nē-.
Page(s): 767
Root / lemma: ni-, nei-
See also: see above S. 312 f. (en-).
Page(s): 767
Root / lemma: niz-do-
German meaning: 'Nest'
See also: see under sed-.
Page(s): 769
Root / lemma: nogʷo- or nagʷo-
English meaning: tree
German meaning: 'Baum'ö
Material: Old Indian naga- m. 'tree, mountain'; aisl. nǫkkui m., ahd. nahho, as. naco, ags. naca 'Nachen, dugout canoe'.
References: WP. II 340.
Page(s): 770
Root / lemma: nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o-, nogʷ-no-
English meaning: naked
German meaning: 'nackt'
Note: often distorted taboo
Material: Anord. nøkkva 'naked make'; lengthened grade lit. núogas, lett. dial. nuôgs, Old Church Slavic nagъ 'naked';
with Dentalformantien: lat. nūdus 'naked' from *nogʷed(h)os or *nogʷod(h)os = got. naqaÞs (-d-), anord. nøkkuiðr (also nǫktr), next to which aschwed. nakuÞer, ags. nacod, ahd. nackut, nachut, nhd. nackt; air. nocht, cymr. etc. noeth 'naked' (*nogʷ-to-s);
with formants -no-: Old Indian nagná- 'naked', av. maɣna- ds. (m- through dissimilation, die Vorstufe from westosset. böɣnöɣ); arm. merk 'naked'; hieher also gr. γυμνός, by Hes. λυμνός (for *νυμνός) and ἀπολύγματος ἀπογύμνωσις. Κύπριοι; aisl. nakinn, afries. naken 'naked' (k instead of nord. ku̯ point at auf rearrangement from *nak(u̯)-na- after den participle auf -inn); hitt. neku-manza 'naked'.
References: WP. II 339 f., WH. II 185, Trautmann 201, Specht Idg. Dekl. 251.
Page(s): 769
Root / lemma: nokʷ-(t)-
See also: s. nekʷ-(t)-.
Page(s): 770
Root / lemma: no-
German meaning: Pronominalstamm
See also: see above S. 320, eno-.
Page(s): 769
Root / lemma: nōmn̥
See also: s. enomn̥.
Page(s): 770
Root / lemma: nōt-, nǝt-
English meaning: back, behind
German meaning: 'Hinterbacke, Hinterer, Röcken'ö
Material: Gr. νῶτος, νῶτον 'back', changing through ablaut with lat. nătis f., mostly Pl. natēs 'buttock, backside'ö
References: WP. II 340, WH. II 146.
Page(s): 770
Root / lemma: nū̆-
English meaning: now
German meaning: 'nun' and öhnliche Formen
Material: Old Indian nú, nū́, av. nū 'nun', Old Indian nū́tana- 'jetzig, young, neu', nūnám 'now, yet, nun' (as lit. nūnaĩ, Old Church Slavic nyně probably adv. solidified case eines Adj. *nū-no- 'jetzig'), av. nūrǝm, nūrąm, ap. nūram ds. (after āparǝm 'prospectively' shapedö); gr. νῦ, νῠ̄ν, νῦν 'now, yet' (latter probably from *nū̆-m =) lat. num 'nun noch, noch jetzt', then pad for Fragen, etiamnum 'noch always', nunc 'now, yet, nun' (*num-ce) = hitt. ki-nun ds., nū-per 'neulich, before kurzem; before Zeiten', next to which nu- still in nu-diūs tertius '*nun is the dritte day' (about air. nu-, no-, mcymr. neu Verbal-particle, see under ne 'not'); got. nu (nūö), aisl. ahd. ags. nū̆ 'now, yet, nun', mhd. nhd. nū̆, previously seit spötmhd. time also nū̆n; lit. nù, lett. nu 'nun', Old Prussian in tei-nu 'nunmehr', lit. nūnaĩ 'nun' (see above); abg. nъ 'but', nyně 'nun' (see above); toch. А nu В no enkl. 'but, because'; hitt. nu (satzeinleitende particle); ki-nun 'now, yet', nū-wa 'still', nu-kwit 'numquid'; got. naúh 'still', afries. noch, as. ahd. noh Adverb 'still, also now, yet' from *nu-kʷe; about die Konjunktion '(neither -) noch' see above S. 757 under ne1.
Idg. nū̆ is probably zero grade to neu̯o- 'neu', compare Old Indian nūtane- 'jetzig' and 'neu', gr. νέον τι 'eben, neulich', ahd. niwes (adv. Gen.), lit. naujaĩ 'fresh, neulich'.
Maybe alb. ta-ni 'now' [ta- (atë) 'this, that' + *ni 'now'] : Old Prussian in tei-nu : Skt. nú 'now, just, but' [adv]; Go.nu 'now' [adv]
References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201.
Page(s): 770
Root / lemma: n̥dhos, n̥dheri
English meaning: under
German meaning: 'under'
Material: Old Indian adháḥ 'under' (as preposition m. Akk. under Gen.), av. adǝ̄ 'under', arm. ǝnd (m. Instr.) 'under', aisl. and ds., toch. А añč 'under, after under' (ö);
av. aδairi 'under, below', got. undar etc., ahd. untar and untari 'under', neologism after idg. *uperi (Old Indian upari etc. 'about');
Old Indian ádhara-, av. aδara- 'the untere', lat. īnferus ds. (*enferos, idg. *n̥dheros), īnfernus ds.(after supernus), infrā 'below' (*inferād) with Anlautsbehandlung of -dh-; gr. ἀθερο- placed perhaps in ἀθερίζω 'verachte' (compare Old Indian adharīṇa- 'verachtet'); got. undaro preposition 'under' (Abl. auf -ōd) = Old Indian Adv. ádharāt 'under';
Old Indian adhamá- 'the unterste' = lat. īnfimus ds.
References: WP. I 323, WH. I 698, Specht Idg. Dekl. 2591.
Page(s): 771
Root / lemma: n̥si-s
English meaning: sword
German meaning: 'Schwert'
Note: only Aryan and italisch
Material: Old Indian así- m. 'sword, Schlachtmesser'; av. aŋhū- f. ds.; lat. ēnsis 'sword'.
References: WP. I 324, WH. II 406, Specht KZ. 66, 34 f.
Page(s): 771
Root / lemma: n̥si-
English meaning: dirt, black
German meaning: 'schmutzfabrig; Schmutz, Schlamm'
Material: Old Indian ási-ta-, fem. ási-knī 'swart, black'; gr. ἄσις 'slime, mud (eines Flusses)', ἄσιος 'muddy'.
References: WP. I 324, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 116 f.
Page(s): 771